REFERENCES

Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland. 1967. The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Research 14:381-9.

Atlas, E. L., S. W. Hager, L. I. Gordon, and P. K. Park. 1971. A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer in Seawater Nutrient Analyses (revised). Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22, Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography, Oregon.

Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms. 1967. The continuous determination of low-level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer. Technicon Symposia 1:385-9.

Bradshaw, A. L. and P. G. Brewer. 1988. High-precision measurements of alkalinity and total carbon dioxide in seawater by potentiometric titration: 1. Presence of unknown protolyte (s). Marine Chemistry 28:69-86.

Brewer, P. G., C. Goyet, and D. Dyrssen. 1989. Carbon dioxide transport by ocean currents at 25 N latitude in the Atlantic Ocean. Science 246:477-79.

Bryden, H. L., and M. M. Hall. 1980. Heat transport by ocean currents across 25 N latitude in the North Atlantic Ocean. Science 207:884.

Carpenter, J. H. 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method. Limnology and Oceanography 10:141-3.

Chipman, D. W., J. Marra, and T. Takahashi. 1993. Primary production at 47 N and 20 W in the North Atlantic Ocean: A comparison between the ¹⁴C incubation method and the mixed layer carbon budget. Deep-Sea Research 40:151-69.

Clayton, T. and R. H. Byrne. 1993. Calibration of m-cresol purple on the total hydrogen ion concentration scale and its application to CO₂-system characteristics in seawater. Deep-Sea Research 40:2115-129.

Culberson, C. H., G. Knapp, M. Stalcup, R. T. Williams, and F. Zemlyak. 1991. A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater. WHP Office Report, WHPO 91-2. WOCE Hydrographic Program Office, Woods Hole, Mass.

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 1994. Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Seawater. Version 2.0. ORNL/CDIAC-74. A. G. Dickson and C. Goyet (eds.). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Gordon, L. I., J. C. Jennings, Jr., A. A. Ross, and J. M. Krest. 1992. A Suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients (Phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrite and Silicic Acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. Grp. Tech. Rpt. 92-1. Chemical Oceanography Group, Oregon State University, College of Oceanography, Oregon.

Gordon, L. I., J. C. Jennings, Jr., A. A. Ross, and J. M. Krest. 1994. A Suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients (Phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrite and Silicic Acid) in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. In WOCE Operations Manual. WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1. WOCE Report No. 68/91. Revision 1. Woods Hole, Mass.

Hager, S. W., E. L. Atlas, L. I. Gordon, A. W. Mantyla, and P. K. Park. 1972. A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, nitrate, and silicate. Limnology and Oceanography 17:931-7.

Holfort, J., K. M. Johnson, B. Schneider, G. Siedler, and D. W. R. Wallace. 1998. Meridional transport of dissolved inorganic carbon in the South Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12:479-499.

Huffman, E. W. D., Jr. 1977. Performance of a new automatic carbon dioxide coulometer. Microchemical Journal 22:567-73.

Johnson, K. M., A. E. King, and J. McN. Sieburth. 1985. Coulometric TCO₂ analyses for marine studies: An introduction. Marine Chemistry 16:61-82.

Johnson, K. M., P. J. Williams, and L. Brandstroem, and J. McN. Sieburth. 1987. Coulometric TCO₂ analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration. Marine Chemistry 21:117-33.

Johnson, K. M., and D. W. R. Wallace. 1992. The Single-operator Multiparameter Metabolic Analyzer for Total Carbon Dioxide with Coulometric Detection. DOE Research Summary No. 19. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Johnson, K. M., K. D. Wills, D. B. Butler, W. K. Johnson, and C. S. Wong. 1993. Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector. Marine Chemistry 44:167-87.

Johnson, K. M., D. W. R. Wallace, R. J. Wilke, and C. Goyet. 1995. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Meteor Cruise 15/3 in the South Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A9, February-March 1991). ORNL/CDIAC-82, NDP-051. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Johnson, K. M., B. Schneider, L. Mintrop, and D. W. R. Wallace. 1996. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Meteor cruise 18/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A1E, September 1991). NDP-056. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Johnson, K. M., B. Schneider, L. Mintrop, and D. W. R. Wallace. 1998a. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 in the South Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A10, December 1992-January 1993). ORNL/CDIAC-113, NDP-066. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 49 pp.

Johnson, K. M., A. G. Dickson, G. Eischeid, C. Goyet, P. R. Guenther, R. M. Key, F. J. Millero, D. Purkerson, C. L. Sabine, R. G. Schotle, D. W. R. Wallace, R. J. Wilke, and C. D. Winn. 1998b. Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Assessment of the quality of total inorganic carbon measurements made during the U.S. Indian Ocean CO₂ Survey 1994-1996. Marine Chemistry 63:21-37.

Johnson, K. M., M. Haines, R. M. Key, C. Neill, B. Tilbrook, R. Wilke, and D.W.R. Wallace. 2001. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Cruises 138-3, ‑4, and -5 in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Sections P6E, P6C, and P6W, May 2-July 30, 1992). ORNL/CDIAC-132, NDP-077. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 53 pp.

Knapp, G. P., M. C. Stalcup, and R. J. Stanley. 1990. Automated Oxygen and Salinity Determination. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report No. WHOI-90-35. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

Marinenko, G. and J. K. Taylor. 1968. Electrochemical equivalents of benzoic and oxalic acid. Analytical Chemistry 40:1645-51.

Millard, R. C. and K. Yang. 1993. CTD Calibration and Processing Methods Used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report. WHOI 93-44. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., U.S.A.

Millero, F. J., and A. Poisson. 1981. International one-atmosphere equation of state for seawater. Deep-Sea Research 28:625-29.

Millero, F. J., J. Z. Zhang, S. Fiol, S. Sotolongo, R. Roy, K. Lee, and S. Mane. 1993a. The use of buffers to measure the pH of seawater. Marine Chemistry 44:143-152.

Millero, F. J., J. Z. Zhang, K. Lee, and D. M. Campbell. 1993b. Titration alkalinity of seawater. Marine Chemistry 44:153-156.

Millero, F. J., F. Huang, M. Galanter, J. Goen, C. Sabine, C. Thomas, and R. Rotter. 1999. The Total Alkalinity of North Atlantic Waters. University of Miami Technical Report, No. RSMAS-99-002. University of Miami, Miami, Florida.

Roemmich, D., and C. Wunsch. 1985. Two transatlantic sections: Meridional circulation and heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research 32:619-64.

Schlitzer, R. 2001. Ocean Data View. http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/GEO/ODV. Online publication. Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research. Bremerhaven, Germany.

Strickland, J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons. 1972. The Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Bulletin 167, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 310 pp.

Takahashi, T., D. W. Chipman, S. Rubin, J. Goddard, and S. C. Sutherland. 1998. Measurements of the Total CO₂ Concentration and Partial Pressure of CO₂ in Seawater during WOCE Expeditions P-16, P-17 and P-19 in the South Pacific Ocean, October, 1992-April, 1993. Final Technical Report of Grant No. DE-FGO2-93ER61539 to U. S. Department of Energy, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, N.Y. pp. 124.

Taylor, J. K. and S. W. Smith. 1959. Precise coulometric titration of acids and bases. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 63A:153-9.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). 1981. Background papers and supporting data on the practical salinity scale, 1978. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 37:144.

Wallace, D. W. R. 2002. Storage and transport of excess CO₂ in the oceans: The JGOFS/WOCE global CO₂ survey. In J. Church, G. Siedler, and J. Gould (eds.). Ocean Circulation and Climate, Academic Press, 489-521.

Wilke, R. J., D. W. R. Wallace, and K. M. Johnson. 1993. A water-based, gravimetric method for the determination of gas sample loop volume. Analytical Chemistry 65:2403-2406

Youden, W. J. 1951. Statistical Methods for Chemists. Wiley, New York.