A. Cruise Narrative: P11A and SR03 A.1. Highlights WHP Cruise Summary Information Chief Scientist/affiliation Steve Rintoul/CSIRO* Ship RV THOMAS THOMPSON WOCE section_ExpoCode P11A_09AR9391_2 SR03_09AR9309_1 Dates 1993.APR.4 - 1993.MAY.9 1993.MAR.11 - 1993.APR.3 Ports of call (both legs) Hobart to Antarctic Ice Edge (return to Hobart) Number of stations (both legs) 113 43° 13.14'S (P11A) 143° 56.78'E 155° 4.19'E 65° 53.49'S Geographic boundaries 43° 59.97'S (SR03) 139° 48.67'E 146° 18.77'E 65° 5.1'S Floats and drifters deployed 6 ALACE floats deployed Moorings deployed or recovered 4 current meter moorings deployed; 1 mooring recovered Contributing Authors Mark Rosenberg (cruise report) B. Millard (CTD DQE); A. Mantyla (NUTs/S/O DQE) *Dr. Stephen R. Rintoul ~ CSIRO Division of Oceanography CSIRO Marine Laboratories P.O. Box 1538 ~ Castray Esplanade Hobart, Tasmania ~ 07001 ~ AUSTRALIA TEL: 61-02-32-5393 ~ FAX: 61-02-32-5123 ~ EMAIL: rintoul@ml.csiro.au ORIGINAL PUBLICATION: COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE FOR THE ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN ENVIRONMENT (ANTARCTIC CRC) Aurora Australis Marine Science Cruise AU9309/AU9391 - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis MARK ROSENBERG Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia RUTH ERIKSEN Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia STEVE RINTOUL Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia CSIRO Division of Oceanography, Hobart, Australia Research Report No. 2 ISBN: 0 642 225338 March, 1995 LIST OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CRUISE ITINERARY 3 CRUISE SUMMARY 3.1 CTD casts 3.2 Water samples from CTD casts 3.3 Additional drifters and moorings deployed/recovered 3.4 XBT/XCTD deployments 3.5 Principal investigators 4 FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS 4.1 CTD and hydrology measurements 4.1.1 CTD Instrumentation 4.1.2 CTD instrument calibrations 4.1.3 CTD and hydrology data collection techniques 4.1.4 Water sampling methods 4.2 Underway measurements 5 MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 6 RESULTS 6.1 CTD measurements 6.1.1 Creation of CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data 6.1.2 CTD data quality SR3 stations P11 and sea ice stations Summary 6.2 Hydrology data 6.2.1 Hydrology data quality Nutrients 6.2.2 Hydrology sample replicates ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES APPENDIX 1 CTD Instrument Calibrations APPENDIX 2 CTD and Hydrology Data Processing and Calibration Techniques ABSTRACT A2.1 INTRODUCTION A2.2 DATA FILE TYPES A2.2.1 CTD data files A2.2.2 Hydrology data files A2.2.3 Station information file A2.3 STATION HEADER INFORMATION A2.4 CONVERTING SHIP-LOGGED RAW DATA FILES FOR SHORE-DATA PROCESSING A2.5 PRODUCING THE DATA PROCESSING MASTER FILE A2.6 CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS A2.6.1 Surface pressure offset A2.6.2 Pressure calculation A2.6.3 Temperature calculation A2.6.4 Conductivity cell deformation correction A2.6.5 Salinity calculation A2.6.6 Oxygen current and oxygen temperature conversion A2.6.7 Additional digitiser channel parameters A2.7 CREATION OF INTERMEDIATE CTD FILES, AND AUTOMATIC QUALITY FLAGGING OF CTD BURST DATA A2.7.1 Despiking A2.7.2 Sensor lagging corrections A2.7.3 Pressure reversals A2.7.4 Upcast CTD burst data A2.7.5 Processing flow A2.8 CREATION OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED FILES A2.9 HYDROLOGY DATA FILE PROCESSING A2.10 CALIBRATION OF CTD CONDUCTIVITY A2.10.1 Determination of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients A2.10.2 Application of CTD conductivity calibration coefficients A2.10.3 Processing flow A2.11 QUALITY CONTROL OF 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA A2.11.1 Investigation of density inversions A2.11.2 Manual inspection of data A2.12 CALIBRATION OF CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN A2.12.1 Determination of CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients A2.12.2 Application of CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients A2.12.3 Processing flow A2.13 QUALITY CONTROL OF NUTRIENT DATA A2.14 FINAL CTD DATA RESIDUALS/RATIOS A2.15 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES APPENDIX 3 Hydrology Analytical Methods A3.1 NUTRIENT ANALYSES A3.1.1 Equipment and technique A3.1.1.1 Silicate A3.1.1.2 Nitrate plus nitrite A3.1.1.3 Phosphate A3.1.2 Sampling procedure A3.1.3 Calibration and standards A3.1.4 Low Nutrient Sea Water (LNSW) A3.1.5 Temperature effects and corrections A3.2 DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS A3.2.1 Equipment and technique A3.2.2 Sampling procedure A3.3 SALINITY ANALYSIS A3.3.1 Equipment and technique A3.3.2 Sampling procedure A3.3.3 Data processing REFERENCES APPENDIX 4 Data File Types A4.1 UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS A4.1.1 10 second digitised underway measurement data A4.1.2 15 minute averaged underway measurement data A4.2 2 DBAR AVERAGED CTD DATA FILES A4.3 HYDROLOGY DATA FILES A4.4 STATION INFORMATION FILES REFERENCES APPENDIX 5 Data Processing Information APPENDIX 6 Historical Data Comparisons A6.1 INTRODUCTION au9101 fr8609 Eltanin data A6.2 RESULTS A6.2.1 SR3 section CTD temperature and salinity Dissolved oxygen Nutrients A6.2.2 P11 section CTD temperature and salinity Dissolved oxygen Nutrients REFERENCES APPENDIX 7: WOCE Data Format Addendum A7.1 INTRODUCTION A7.2 CTD 2 DBAR-AVERAGED DATA FILES A7.3 HYDROLOGY DATA FILES A7.4 CONVERSION OF UNITS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS A7.4.1 Dissolved oxygen A7.4.2 Nutrients A7.5 STATION INFORMATION FILES REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1*: CTD station positions for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9309/AU9391 along WOCE transects SR3 and P11. Figure 2*: Hydrology laboratory temperatures at the times of dissolved oxygen analyses. Figure 3: Temperature residual (T(therm) - T(cal)) versus station number. Figure 4: Conductivity ratio c(btl)/c(cal) versus station number. Figure 5: Salinity residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number. Figure 6: Dissolved oxygen residual (o(btl) - o(cal)) versus station number. Figure 7: Absolute value of parameter differences between sample pairs derived from Niskin bottle pairs tripped at the same depth. APPENDIX 1 Figure A1.1*: Pressure sensor calibration data, for down and upcast calibrations. APPENDIX 3 Figure A3.1*: Cartridge configuration for nitrate + nitrite analysis. APPENDIX 6 Figure A6.1*: TS diagrams for comparison of au9309 and au9101 data. Figure A6.2*: TS diagrams for comparison of au9309 and Eltanin data. Figure A6.3*: Dissolved oxygen vertical profile comparisons for au9309 and au9101 data. Figure A6.4*: Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all au9309 and au9101 data, together with linear best fit lines. Figure A6.5*: Nitrate+nitrite vertical profile comparisons for au9309 and au9101 data. Figure A6.6*: Silicate vertical profile comparisons for au9309 and au9101 data. Figure A6.7*: TS diagrams for comparison of au9391 and fr8609 data. Figure A6.8*: TS diagrams for comparison of au9391 and Eltanin data. Figure A6.9*: TO diagrams for comparison of au9391 and fr8609 data. Figure A6.10*: Bulk plot of nitrate+nitrite versus phosphate for all au9391 and fr8609 data, together with linear best fit lines. Figure A6.11*: Phosphate vertical profile comparisons for au9391 and fr8609 data. Figure A6.12*: Nitrate+nitrite vertical profile comparisons for au9391 and fr8609 data. Figure A6.13*: Silicate vertical profile comparisons for au9391 and fr8609 data. LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of cruise itinerary. Table 2: Summary of station information for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9309/AU9391. Table 3: Summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each station. Table 4: Current meter moorings deployed/recovered along SR3 transect. Table 5: ALACE float deployments. Table 6a: Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for water sampling programmes. Table 6b: Scientific personnel (cruise participants). Table 7: CTD manufacturer specifications. Table 8: CTD electronic and data stream configuration, and data processing parameters. Table 9: Air temperature and wind speed for stations where CTD sensors froze. Table 10: Bad record log for ship-logged CTD raw binary data files. Table 11: Surface pressure offsets. Table 12: Missing data points in 2 dbar-averaged files. Table 13: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients. Table 14: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F2 + F3 . N). Table 15: CTD raw data scans, in the vicinity of artificial density inversions, flagged for special treatment. Table 16: Suspect salinity 2 dbar averages. Table 17a: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged data from near the surface (applies to all parameters, except where noted). Table 17b: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen data from near the surface. Table 18: 2 dbar averages interpolated from surrounding 2 dbar values (applies to all parameters). Table 19: 2 dbar-averaged data for which there is no dissolved oxygen data. Table 20: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients. Table 21: Starting values for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients prior to iteration, and coefficients varied during iteration (sections A2.12.1 and A2.12.3). Table 22: Questionable dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file). Table 23: Questionable nutrient sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file). Table 24: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of dissolved oxygen analyses. Table 25: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of nutrient analyses. APPENDIX 1 Table A1.1: Calibration coefficients from pressure and platinum temperature sensor calibrations for the 2 CTD units used during RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9309/AU9391. Table A1.2: Platinum temperature calibration data. APPENDIX 2 Table A2.1: Criteria used to determine spurious data values. Table A2.2: Criteria for automatic flagging of upcast CTD burst data. APPENDIX 3 Table A3.1: Range of calibration standards and concentration of QC standards used for analysis of nutrients on SR-3 and P11 transects. Table A3.2: Stations where a linear gain adjustment has been made to silicate analysis peak heights, to compensate for QC standard drift. Table A3.3: Summary of details of CSIRO manual oxygen method (used for oxygen analyses in the cruise described here) and WHOI automated oxygen method (Knapp et al., 1990). APPENDIX 4 Table A4.1: Example 10 sec digitised underway measurement file (*.alf file). Table A4.2: Example 15 min averaged underway measurement file (*.exp file). Table A4.3: Example 2 dbar averaged CTD data file (*.all file). Table A4.4: Example hydrology data file (*.bot file). Table A4.5: Example CTD station information file (*.sta file). APPENDIX 5 Table A5.1a: Upcast CTD bursts automatically flagged during creation of intermediate CTD files (Appendix 2) - SR3 data. Table A5.1b: Upcast CTD bursts automatically flagged during creation of intermediate CTD files (Appendix 2) - P11 and sea ice stations. Table A5.2: Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged as -9 for dissolved oxygen calibration. Table A5.3: Duplicate samples from P11 transect, due to accidental double firing of rosette pylon. Table A5.4: Protected reversing thermometers used (serial numbers are listed). APPENDIX 6 Table A6.1: Positions for all stations referred to in Figures A6.1 to A6.13. APPENDIX 7 Table A7.1: Definition of quality flags for CTD data. Table A7.2: Definition of quality flags for Niskin bottles. Table A7.3: Definition of quality flags for water samples in *.sea files. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Data Quality Evaluation DQE CTD Data Report for P11 (Bob Millard) Comments on the data Quality of CTD salinity and oxygens for SR03 (Bob Millard) DQ Evaluation of Aurora Australis Cruise AU9309/AU9391 (WOCE sections SR03 and P11): Salinity, Oxygen, Nutrients (A. Mantyla) Aurora Australis Marine Science Cruise AU9309/AU9391 - Oceanographic Field Measurements and Analysis MARK ROSENBERG Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia RUTH ERIKSEN Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia STEVE RINTOUL Antarctic CRC, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia; CSIRO Division of Oceanography, Hobart, Australia ABSTRACT Oceanographic measurements were conducted along WOCE Southern Ocean meridional sections SR3 and P11 between Tasmania and Antarctica, from March to May, 1993. A total of 128 CTD vertical profile stations were taken, most to near bottom. Over 2500 Niskin bottle water samples were collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon, carbon isotopes, barium, and biological parameters, using 24 and 12 bottle rosette samplers. Measurement and data processing techniques are described, and a summary of the data is presented in graphical and tabular form. 1 INTRODUCTION From March to May 1993, the first marine science cruise of the Cooperative Research Centre for the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Environment (Antarctic CRC) was conducted aboard the Australian Antarctic Division vessel RSV Aurora Australis. The major constituent of the cruise was oceanographic measurements relevant to the Australian Southern Ocean WOCE Hydrographic Program. The primary scientific objectives of this program are: 1. to estimate the interbasin exchange of heat, freshwater and other properties south of Australia, and the seasonal and interannual variability of this exchange; 2. to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the formation of deep and intermediate water masses in the Southern Ocean, and to identify the ventilation pathways that newly formed water masses follow into the ocean interior; 3. in conjunction with current meter data, to determine the importance of eddy heat and momentum fluxes in the dynamics and thermodynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Australia. The cruise discussed in this report is the first in a series of Southern Ocean marine science cruises, scheduled to take place over the period 1993 to 1997, adding to the data set presented here. Two Southern Ocean CTD transects, along WOCE sections SR3 and P11, were completed during the cruise, both traversed from north to south. Section SR3 was occupied once previously, in the spring of 1991 (Rintoul and Bullister, in prep.). This report describes the collection of oceanographic data from the two transects, and the chemical analysis and data processing methods employed. Brief comparisons are also made with existing historical data. All information required for use of the data set is presented in tabular and graphical form. 2 CRUISE ITINERARY The original cruise plan was to sample along section SR3 from north to south, conduct supplementary sea ice and biology programs in the sea ice zone, and then to sample along section P11 from south to north on the return to Hobart. Following the completion of section SR3, the ship was forced to return to Hobart with a sick crew member. Work for the remainder of the cruise was then rescheduled, beginning with a north to south traverse of section P11, and followed by sea ice and biology experiments in and around the sea ice zone. The cruise was thus divided into two distinct legs (Table 1), with cruise designations AU9309 and AU9391 for the SR3 and P11 sections respectively. Table 1: Summary of cruise itinerary. Expedition Designation Leg 1: Cruise AU9309 (cruise acronym WOES), encompassing WOCE section SR3 Leg 2: Cruise AU9391 (cruise acronym WORSE), encompassing WOCE section P11, plus additional measurements at sea ice stations Chief Scientist Steve Rintoul, CSIRO Ship RSV Aurora Australis Ports of Call Leg 1: Hobart to Antarctic Ice Edge (return to Hobart) Leg 2: Hobart to Antarctic Ice Edge (return to Hobart) Cruise Dates Leg 1: March 11 to April 3, 1993 Leg 2: April 4 to May 9, 1993 3 CRUISE SUMMARY 3.1 CTD casts In the course of the cruise, 128 CTD casts were completed at 113 different sites along the WOCE Southern Ocean sections SR3 and P11 (Figure 1*), at an average spacing between sites of 30 nm, and with most casts reaching to within 15 m of the bed (Table 2). The southern extent of both sections was restricted by sea ice conditions, and by time lost due to the medical evacuation. However the base of the continental slope was reached in both cases. Additional surface and deep CTD casts were taken within the sea ice zone at designated sea ice measurement stations following the P11 transect (Tables 2 and 3). Figure 1*: CTD station positions for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9309/AU9391 along WOCE transects SR3 and P11. 3.2 Water samples from CTD casts Over 2500 Niskin bottle water samples were collected for the measurement of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon, carbon isotopes, barium, and biological parameters, using 24 and 12 bottle rosette samplers. Table 3 provides a summary of samples drawn at each station. For all stations, the different samples were drawn in a fixed sequence, as discussed in section 4.1.3. The methods for drawing the salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient samples are discussed in section 4.1.4. Salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients: Samples were drawn from most stations for salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient analyses. Salinity and dissolved oxygen hydrology data was further used for the calibration of CTD salinity and dissolved oxygen data; nutrient samples were analysed for concentration of orthophosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, and reactive silicate. Dissolved inorganic carbon: Samples were drawn for total dissolved inorganic carbon analysis approximately every second station. In general, salinity and oxygen properties determined the Niskin sampling strategy, thus the sampling depths were not always best suited to the resolution of dissolved inorganic carbon gradients in the top 300 m of the water column. Results from these analyses are reported elsewhere (Tilbrook, pers. comm.), and are not discussed further in this report. Carbon isotopes and barium: Samples were drawn for barium analysis on the SR3 transect; samples for carbon isotope analyses (13-C and 14-C) were drawn on section P11. These sample sets are not discussed further in this report. Primary productivity: For casts taken during daylight hours, samples were drawn for analysis of primary productivity and suspended particle size. These samples were taken from the shallowest four Niskin bottles. At most primary productivity sites, a Seabird "Seacat" CTD was deployed to obtain vertical profiles of photosynthetically active radiation and fluorescence from the top part of the water column. These data are not discussed further in this report. Biological sampling: Four different analyses were performed on the biological water samples, as follows: (i) pigments (ii) cyanobacteria counts (iii) algal counts (lugols iodine fixed) (iv) protist identification (osmium/glutaraldehyde fixed) Biological samples were usually drawn from the shallowest four or five Niskin bottles. The data are not discussed further in this report. 3.3 Additional drifters and moorings deployed/recovered An array of four current meter moorings was deployed (Table 4) and a single mooring recovered, along the SR3 transect line. Six ALACE floats were deployed at various positions along both the SR3 and P11 transects (Table 5). These floats drift at 900 m below the surface, and periodically return to the surface to telemeter their positions. 3.4 XBT/XCTD deployments A total of 19 new model Sippican XCTD and "Fast Deep" XBT deployments were made, chiefly to test the new units. Results are not reported here. Table 2 (following 4 pages): Summary of station information for RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9309/AU9391. The information shown includes time, date and position for the start of the cast, at the bottom of the cast, and for the end of the cast; "d" refers to the ocean depth; maximum pressure ("max P") reached for each cast, and the altimeter reading ("alt") at the bottom of each cast (i.e. elevation above the bed) are also included. The altimeter value at each station is recorded manually from the CTD data stream display at the bottom of each CTD downcast. Motion of the ship due to waves can cause an error in these manually recorded altimeter values of up to ±3 m. Missing ocean depth values are due to noise from the ship's bow thrusters, as discussed in Appendix 2, section A2.3. For casts which do not reach to within 100 m of the bed (i.e. the altimeter range), there is no altimeter value. Note that all times are UTC (i.e. GMT). CTD unit 4 (serial no. 1197) was used for SR3 stations 1 to 35. CTD unit 1 (serial no. 1073) was used thereafter. stn SR3 start max P SR3 bottom SR3 end no. time date latitude longitude d (m) (dbar) time latitude longitude alt (m) d (m) time latitude longitude d (m) 1 2032 11-MAR-93 44:06.73S 146:14.35E 1000 956 2118 44:06.37S 146:14.35E 46.8 - 2154 44:06.19S 146:14.60E 990 2 0027 12-MAR-93 44:00.06S 146:18.61E 300 289 0042 44:00.03S 146:18.77E 9.0 - 0115 43:59.97S 146:18.64E 313 3 0513 12-MAR-93 44:07.51S 146:14.89E 1100 1115 0549 44:07.48S 146:15.06E 9.9 1110 0632 44:07.39S 146:15.23E 1120 4 0854 12-MAR-93 44:27.89S 146:07.94E 2340 2335 0938 44:27.52S 146:07.30E 5.0 2318 1028 44:27.32S 146:07.51E - 5 1437 12-MAR-93 44:56.71S 145:56.67E 3380 3465 1606 44:56.10S 145:56.52E 15.0 3390 1727 44:55.56S 145:56.36E 3490 6 2033 12-MAR-93 45:25.97S 145:45.16E 2475 2429 2121 45:25.86S 145:44.79E 10.0 2350 2228 45:25.73S 145:44.71E 2350 7 0149 13-MAR-93 45:55.44S 145:33.61E 2550 2491 0245 45:56.09S 145:33.54E 11.6 2470 0343 45:56.25S 145:34.87E - 8 0650 13-MAR-93 46:23.31S 145:22.13E 3360 3351 0756 46:22.85S 145:22.97E 11.6 3330 0921 46:22.45S 145:23.67E 3300 9 1253 13-MAR-93 46:53.05S 145:08.92E 3520 3555 1400 46:52.38S 145:08.95E 15.0 3550 1522 46:51.70S 145:09.35E 3550 10 1824 13-MAR-93 47:20.97S 144:58.14E 3970 4038 1942 47:20.50S 144:58.31E 11.0 3940 2124 47:19.56S 144:58.60E 3850 11 0122 14-MAR-93 47:48.16S 144:44.53E 3970 4028 0231 47:48.20S 144:44.57E 12.5 3970 0355 47:48.21S 144:44.80E 3960 12 0653 14-MAR-93 48:18.91S 144:32.00E 4130 4169 0811 48:19.11S 144:33.46E 10.3 4150 0942 48:19.32S 144:34.39E - 13 1259 14-MAR-93 48:46.95S 144:19.20E 4150 4165 1411 48:47.57S 144:19.56E 8.3 4125 1533 48:48.47S 144:20.16E 4100 14 1852 14-MAR-93 49:16.18S 144:05.26E 4320 4361 2013 49:16.33S 144:05.67E 30.0 4350 2147 49:16.11S 144:06.16E 4330 15 0130 15-MAR-93 49:45.09S 143:52.12E 3940 3876 0238 49:44.45S 143:52.35E 11.0 3870 0353 49:44.05S 143:52.60E - 16 0721 15-MAR-93 50:13.96S 143:38.14E 3720 3701 0831 50:13.76S 143:39.59E 15.5 - 0951 50:13.80S 143:40.45E - 17 0707 16-MAR-93 50:45.72S 143:24.75E 3900 4048 0836 50:46.25S 143:26.20E 15.4 3940 0958 50:46.37S 143:27.03E 3940 18 1601 16-MAR-93 51:01.80S 143:14.11E 3800 3902 1710 51:01.59S 143:14.72E 11.0 3800 1845 51:01.60S 143:15.55E 3800 19 1229 17-MAR-93 51:25.80S 143:02.42E 3700 3771 1331 51:26.08S 143:03.28E 7.6 3750 1450 51:26.38S 143:03.78E 3700 20 1809 17-MAR-93 51:50.35S 142:49.46E 3575 3683 1928 51:50.47S 142:49.40E 15.3 3550 2106 51:50.77S 142:49.48E 3525 21 0005 18-MAR-93 52:15.27S 142:37.50E 3500 3451 0050 52:15.73S 142:37.68E 14.0 3450 0159 52:16.04S 142:38.02E 3490 22 0448 18-MAR-93 52:38.18S 142:23.56E 3470 3447 0559 52:38.55S 142:23.46E 14.2 - 0730 52:39.05S 142:23.45E 3450 23 1015 18-MAR-93 53:07.33S 142:08.10E 3120 3115 1110 53:07.61S 142:07.92E 10.4 3120 1220 53:07.80S 142:07.66E 3130 24 1551 18-MAR-93 53:34.91S 141:52.03E 2525 2489 1636 53:34.68S 141:52.32E 9.6 - 1749 53:34.34S 141:52.89E 2375 25 2048 18-MAR-93 54:04.00S 141:35.73E 2580 2682 2155 54:03.74S 141:36.41E 23.3 2600 2257 54:03.40S 141:36.79E 2650 26 0332 19-MAR-93 54:32.09S 141:19.20E 2800 2844 0440 54:31.47S 141:19.99E 16.7 2850 0606 54:31.06S 141:20.29E 2950 27 0957 19-MAR-93 55:01.15S 141:00.75E 3250 3335 1058 55:01.04S 141:00.64E 15.4 3270 1203 55:00.57S 141:00.82E 3200 28 0524 20-MAR-93 55:29.97S 140:43.33E 4000 4261 0701 55:29.50S 140:42.59E 15.0 4200 0853 55:29.36S 140:42.87E - 29 1639 20-MAR-93 55:55.89S 140:24.35E 3650 3621 1813 55:55.44S 140:24.11E 11.8 3600 1951 55:55.60S 140:23.20E 3550 30 2343 20-MAR-93 56:26.22S 140:06.15E 3940 4014 0104 56:26.07S 140:06.15E - 3950 0219 56:26.10S 140:05.84E 3950 31 0721 21-MAR-93 56:55.04S 139:51.45E 4070 4140 0857 56:54.75S 139:52.49E 16.0 4100 1016 56:54.70S 139:53.10E 4100 32 1447 21-MAR-93 57:23.08S 139:51.65E 4050 4082 1557 57:23.29S 139:50.97E 11.9 - 1708 57:23.40S 139:50.26E - 33 2021 21-MAR-93 57:51.18S 139:50.99E 4020 4152 2140 57:51.65S 139:51.03E 9.1 - 2336 57:51.67S 139:51.09E - 34 0334 22-MAR-93 58:20.43S 139:50.01E 3980 4006 0524 58:20.42S 139:50.01E 15.6 4050 0640 58:20.39S 139:49.68E - 35 1022 22-MAR-93 58:51.32S 139:51.32E 3990 4070 1139 58:51.03S 139:51.83E 13.0 - 1318 58:50.77S 139:53.03E - 36 2330 22-MAR-93 59:20.63S 139:53.74E 4150 1005 0009 59:20.61S 139:53.75E - - 0045 59:20.59S 139:54.03E - 37 0127 23-MAR-93 59:20.68S 139:54.55E 4150 1847 0200 59:20.67S 139:54.82E - - 0258 59:20.58S 139:55.44E - 38 0435 23-MAR-93 59:20.61S 139:57.43E 4380 3864 0606 59:20.37S 139:58.20E - - 0709 59:20.12S 139:58.57E 4380 39 1021 23-MAR-93 59:51.28S 139:50.95E 4490 705 1049 59:51.39S 139:50.73E - - 1112 59:51.54S 139:50.87E - 40 1142 23-MAR-93 59:51.60S 139:50.64E 4490 3846 1314 59:51.92S 139:50.79E - - 1415 59:51.91S 139:51.13E - 41 1457 23-MAR-93 59:52.01S 139:51.83E 4490 1005 1515 59:52.00S 139:51.95E - - 1541 59:52.07S 139:52.24E - 42 1949 23-MAR-93 60:21.22S 139:50.86E 4400 3846 2042 60:21.08S 139:51.00E - - 2209 60:21.12S 139:51.18E 4400 43 2246 23-MAR-93 60:21.34S 139:50.91E 4400 1003 2311 60:21.35S 139:51.00E - - 2342 60:21.43S 139:50.72E - 44 2235 25-MAR-93 60:51.03S 139:50.70E 4400 4456 0028 60:50.72S 139:51.35E 9.6 4400 0146 60:50.43S 139:51.76E - 45 0222 26-MAR-93 60:50.32S 139:51.78E 4400 1003 0237 60:50.28S 139:51.70E - - 0309 60:50.28S 139:51.50E 4400 46 0606 26-MAR-93 61:20.96S 139:51.09E 4350 4394 0719 61:20.74S 139:50.61E 8.5 - 0847 61:20.86S 139:50.67E 4350 47 0918 26-MAR-93 61:21.11S 139:50.35E 4350 1003 0941 61:21.14S 139:50.75E - - 1015 61:21.07S 139:50.58E 4350 48 1425 26-MAR-93 61:50.76S 139:51.22E 4285 4348 1537 61:50.86S 139:51.41E 4.0 4290 1645 61:51.00S 139:51.52E - 49 1725 26-MAR-93 61:51.06S 139:51.58E 4285 1003 1742 61:51.16S 139:51.54E - - 1806 61:51.39S 139:51.43E - 50 2112 26-MAR-93 62:21.14S 139:51.44E 3975 3990 2237 62:21.25S 139:52.38E 8.2 - 0001 62:21.45S 139:53.13E - 51 0039 27-MAR-93 62:21.58S 139:53.58E 3975 1006 0058 62:21.64S 139:54.05E - - 0128 62:21.57S 139:54.28E - 52 0408 27-MAR-93 62:50.91S 139:50.59E 3220 3226 0516 62:50.79S 139:49.62E 6.7 - 0618 62:50.74S 139:49.49E - 53 0652 27-MAR-93 62:50.71S 139:49.17E 3220 1005 0709 62:50.70S 139:49.09E - - 0743 62:50.74S 139:48.96E - 54 1255 27-MAR-93 63:21.04S 139:50.31E 3815 3834 1404 63:20.71S 139:50.20E 9.7 - 1503 63:20.09S 139:49.95E - 55 1723 27-MAR-93 63:19.29S 139:49.21E 3815 1009 1744 63:19.15S 139:48.86E - - 1815 63:18.99S 139:48.67E 3815 56 2152 27-MAR-93 63:50.89S 139:51.75E 3750 3772 2306 63:49.76S 139:53.41E 10.6 3750 0039 63:48.18S 139:54.48E - 57 0121 28-MAR-93 63:47.35S 139:54.20E 3750 1003 0144 63:46.76S 139:54.54E - - 0214 63:45.91S 139:54.81E 3760 58 0645 28-MAR-93 64:21.11S 139:51.50E 3400 1003 0708 64:21.10S 139:51.23E - - 0741 64:21.01S 139:50.95E - 59 0818 28-MAR-93 64:20.87S 139:50.74E 3400 3408 0923 64:20.32S 139:50.27E 8.5 - 1038 64:20.01S 139:50.21E 3400 60 1441 28-MAR-93 64:49.27S 139:50.31E 2600 2575 1534 64:49.67S 139:50.65E 8.7 - 1622 64:50.07S 139:50.83E - 61 1704 28-MAR-93 64:50.43S 139:51.27E 2600 1005 1728 64:50.62S 139:51.63E - - 1804 64:50.75S 139:51.95E 2580 62 2012 28-MAR-93 65:05.06S 139:51.08E 2800 2791 2109 65:05.05S 139:51.37E 10.7 2815 2209 65:05.10S 139:51.28E - 63 2246 28-MAR-93 65:04.89S 139:51.27E 2780 1005 2306 65:04.84S 139:51.23E - - 2343 65:04.84S 139:51.22E 2720 64 0630 29-MAR-93 65:37.29S 139:49.65E 375 343 0643 65:37.32S 139:49.13E - - 0656 65:37.33S 139:48.68E 375 stn P11 start max P P11 bottom P11 end no. time date latitude longitude d (m) (dbar) time latitude longitude alt (m) d (m) time latitude longitude d (m) 1 0902 4-APR-93 43:13.14S 148:05.85E 170 151 0906 43:13.14S 148:05.79E 12.9 - 0919 43:13.27S 148:05.74E 160 2 1028 4-APR-93 43:14.60S 148:13.31E 650 609 1050 43:14.38S 148:13.37E 13.4 616 1122 43:13.98S 148:13.30E 582 3 1220 4-APR-93 43:14.99S 148:15.81E 1160 1159 1258 43:14.74S 148:15.78E 12.9 1140 1339 43:14.48S 148:15.85E 1150 4 1437 4-APR-93 43:14.71S 148:20.41E 2150 2426 1553 43:14.20S 148:20.82E 15.2 2400 1710 43:13.38S 148:21.23E 2300 5 1827 4-APR-93 43:14.85S 148:32.08E 2920 2954 1924 43:14.43S 148:32.53E 12.2 2950 2031 43:14.04S 148:32.82E 3000 6 0120 5-APR-93 43:15.61S 149:14.26E 3275 3322 0306 43:16.67S 149:14.31E 12.8 3300 0447 43:17.51S 149:14.67E 3275 7 0820 5-APR-93 43:14.86S 149:55.23E 3080 3100 0926 43:15.17S 149:55.42E 13.0 3070 1106 43:15.43S 149:55.47E 3070 8 1434 5-APR-93 43:15.50S 150:39.52E 3180 2424 1553 43:15.87S 150:39.07E - 3150 1632 43:16.14S 150:40.31E 3160 9 1743 5-APR-93 43:15.22S 150:39.58E 3200 3232 1910 43:15.39S 150:39.75E 6.8 3200 2041 43:15.48S 150:40.28E 3150 10 2330 5-APR-93 43:15.09S 151:20.29E 4030 4069 0116 43:14.92S 151:19.62E 10.1 4030 0306 43:14.65S 151:18.99E - 11 0633 6-APR-93 43:15.33S 152:03.83E 4490 4559 0828 43:14.90S 152:03.65E 10.6 4490 1028 43:14.40S 152:03.55E 4490 12 1743 6-APR-93 43:14.82S 152:47.43E 4625 4702 1933 43:14.43S 152:47.73E 11.1 4630 2130 43:14.11S 152:47.73E 4625 13 0042 7-APR-93 43:15.00S 153:29.99E 4650 4732 0238 43:15.37S 153:29.75E 10.7 4650 0440 43:16.07S 153:29.83E 4650 14 0757 7-APR-93 43:14.84S 154:14.65E 4650 4722 0953 43:14.56S 154:15.39E 11.6 4650 1146 43:14.42S 154:15.58E 4650 15 2309 8-APR-93 43:15.38S 154:58.76E 4470 4579 0110 43:15.13S 154:58.57E 12.0 4500 0308 43:14.88S 154:57.60E 4550 16 0939 9-APR-93 43:44.91S 155:00.10E 4610 4688 1128 43:45.00S 154:59.90E 14.9 4610 1318 43:45.27S 154:59.89E 4610 17 1650 9-APR-93 44:14.73S 155:00.58E 4750 4847 1832 44:14.31S 155:00.81E 11.1 - 2046 44:13.98S 155:01.56E - 18 0037 10-APR-93 44:44.23S 155:00.40E 4875 4977 0243 44:44.16S 155:00.32E 11.0 4875 0503 44:44.20S 154:59.70E 4870 19 0801 10-APR-93 45:15.07S 155:00.07E 4720 4845 0955 45:14.49S 155:00.27E 13.1 4760 1157 45:13.91S 155:00.62E 4850 20 1500 10-APR-93 45:45.06S 154:59.91E 4780 4900 1646 45:44.61S 154:59.72E 10.4 4810 1859 45:44.15S 154:59.86E 4775 21 2151 10-APR-93 46:15.01S 155:00.11E 4550 4637 2346 46:15.25S 154:59.91E 12.4 4550 0141 46:15.74S 155:00.37E 4570 22 0435 11-APR-93 46:45.16S 155:00.30E 4600 4678 0618 46:45.18S 155:00.88E 10.0 4600 0812 46:45.19S 155:01.26E 4600 23 1102 11-APR-93 47:14.98S 154:59.68E 4675 4756 1254 47:15.04S 154:59.50E 13.1 4675 1500 47:14.86S 154:59.53E 4675 24 1735 11-APR-93 47:45.15S 155:00.39E 4850 4919 1925 47:45.05S 155:00.34E 11.0 4860 2142 47:44.88S 154:59.65E - 25 0036 12-APR-93 48:14.87S 154:59.91E 4740 4825 0229 48:15.09S 154:59.50E 12.7 4740 0436 48:15.60S 154:59.20E 4730 26 0717 12-APR-93 48:44.98S 154:59.91E 4500 4581 0859 48:45.23S 154:59.55E 14.4 4505 1100 48:45.42S 154:59.94E 4500 27 1351 12-APR-93 49:15.18S 154:59.68E 4575 4621 1541 49:15.47S 155:00.15E 12.4 4580 1745 49:15.66S 155:00.43E 4550 28 2035 12-APR-93 49:45.33S 155:00.24E 4420 4517 2227 49:45.70S 155:00.58E 12.1 4450 0021 49:45.78S 155:00.97E 4300 29 1354 13-APR-93 50:14.27S 154:59.80E 4540 4690 1553 50:13.39S 155:00.52E 15.2 4500 1803 50:13.12S 155:01.48E 4550 30 2104 13-APR-93 50:44.92S 154:59.88E 4470 4557 2257 50:44.54S 154:59.47E 10.8 4470 0052 50:44.32S 154:59.35E - 31 0421 14-APR-93 51:15.39S 155:00.61E 4230 4302 0612 51:15.31S 155:00.80E 11.0 4230 0802 51:15.35S 155:01.45E 4220 32 1733 15-APR-93 51:44.91S 154:59.96E 4520 4593 1946 51:44.15S 155:01.85E 9.2 - 2200 51:43.50S 155:03.36E 4500 33 0202 16-APR-93 52:14.38S 154:58.45E 4260 4253 0351 52:13.16S 154:58.68E 15.8 4230 0544 52:11.99S 154:58.87E 4165 34 1011 16-APR-93 52:44.91S 155:00.22E 4230 4278 1153 52:43.86S 155:01.53E 13.8 4230 1343 52:42.64S 155:02.77E - 35 0311 18-APR-93 53:15.90S 154:59.72E 4075 4115 0517 53:15.82S 155:01.33E 11.6 - 0719 53:15.51S 155:02.67E 4075 36 1209 18-APR-93 53:44.37S 154:59.64E 4200 4243 1404 53:44.12S 154:58.74E 9.2 - 1546 53:43.81S 154:57.42E 4200 37 2108 18-APR-93 54:15.07S 155:00.21E 4015 4089 2300 54:15.71S 155:02.26E 10.8 - 0050 54:16.02S 155:03.77E 4000 38 0445 19-APR-93 54:45.19S 155:00.33E 4290 4280 0610 54:46.07S 155:02.04E 15.2 4260 0758 54:46.95S 155:04.15E 4260 39 1312 19-APR-93 55:14.95S 154:58.13E 4050 116 1318 55:14.91S 154:57.94E - - 1323 55:14.85S 154:57.72E - 40 0325 21-APR-93 55:15.15S 154:59.12E 4040 4083 0509 55:15.49S 154:55.93E 16.4 4020 0649 55:15.60S 154:53.26E 3950 41 1312 21-APR-93 55:44.89S 155:01.48E 4200 4257 1458 55:44.48S 155:02.62E 8.1 4175 1643 55:43.89S 155:03.32E 4170 42 2121 21-APR-93 56:25.15S 155:00.44E 3830 3776 2257 56:25.44S 155:02.64E 10.1 - 0045 56:25.82S 155:04.19E 3850 43 0357 22-APR-93 57:00.09S 155:00.25E 3710 3744 0529 57:00.72S 155:00.69E 14.2 3710 0659 57:00.97S 155:01.12E - 44 1006 22-APR-93 57:35.04S 155:00.02E 3645 3670 1134 57:35.13S 154:59.76E 10.9 3645 1317 57:35.08S 154:58.87E - 45 1749 22-APR-93 58:14.78S 155:00.63E 3430 3482 1919 58:14.22S 155:02.58E 10.3 3470 2052 58:13.75S 155:04.16E 3470 46 0100 23-APR-93 58:52.11S 154:28.09E 3225 3222 0227 58:52.08S 154:28.68E 11.8 3250 0356 58:51.79S 154:29.04E - 47 0809 23-APR-93 59:29.11S 153:56.19E 3175 3184 0935 59:29.46S 153:56.05E 11.2 3182 1117 59:29.75S 153:56.17E 3165 48 1624 23-APR-93 60:04.85S 153:26.35E 2850 2966 1753 60:04.84S 153:27.04E 21.5 2900 1918 60:04.81S 153:27.86E 2750 49 0047 24-APR-93 60:43.21S 152:56.86E 2650 2671 0212 60:43.28S 152:57.15E 11.9 2550 0337 60:43.50S 152:57.31E 2480 50 1303 24-APR-93 61:36.56S 152:10.68E 2825 2771 1420 61:36.07S 152:10.40E 13.0 2710 1559 61:36.31S 152:09.49E - 51 2056 24-APR-93 62:12.91S 151:41.27E 3880 3910 2237 62:12.33S 151:42.64E 3.5 - 0025 62:12.12S 151:43.45E - 52 0429 25-APR-93 62:52.02S 151:09.10E 3775 3794 0609 62:52.07S 151:09.47E 8.6 3780 0745 62:52.24S 151:09.87E - 53 2016 25-APR-93 63:26.01S 150:38.99E 3750 3772 2211 63:25.64S 150:39.30E 14.1 3760 0006 63:25.60S 150:39.55E 3760 54 0433 26-APR-93 64:03.24S 150:05.93E 3645 3650 0607 64:03.42S 150:05.51E 9.3 3645 0738 64:03.46S 150:04.91E 3645 55 1522 26-APR-93 64:34.16S 149:37.81E 3480 3506 1707 64:32.98S 149:38.22E 6.5 - 1849 64:32.16S 149:37.89E 3500 56 0127 27-APR-93 64:58.90S 149:14.74E 3320 3294 0258 64:59.55S 149:16.48E 9.5 3295 0435 64:59.86S 149:17.95E 3275 57 0832 27-APR-93 65:25.60S 149:04.32E 2900 739 0910 65:25.47S 149:03.93E - - 0933 65:25.51S 149:03.33E 2875 58 1707 27-APR-93 65:34.65S 148:40.57E 2730 241 1717 65:34.70S 148:40.43E - - 1729 65:34.82S 148:40.21E - 59 2145 27-APR-93 65:38.07S 147:48.38E 2920 393 2202 65:38.05S 147:48.63E - - 2221 65:38.00S 147:48.81E 2880 60 2153 28-APR-93 65:47.69S 146:30.58E 2020 2009 2239 65:47.70S 146:30.90E 11.1 2020 2349 65:47.45S 146:31.62E - 61 0933 29-APR-93 65:45.94S 146:28.60E 2360 2300 1034 65:46.29S 146:29.30E 9.6 2293 1152 65:46.54S 146:30.44E 2270 62 1940 29-APR-93 65:46.35S 146:28.38E 2260 2278 2040 65:46.41S 146:27.04E 11.1 2260 2145 65:46.36S 146:26.26E 2275 63 0628 30-APR-93 65:53.49S 146:28.75E 680 667 0657 65:53.38S 146:28.00E 8.4 690 0734 65:53.27S 146:27.37E 710 64 2303 2-MAY-93 65:26.74S 143:56.78E 2600 303 2319 65:26.85S 143:56.88E - 2600 2350 65:26.78S 143:57.31E 2630 Table 3: Summary of samples drawn from Niskin bottles at each station, including salinity (sal.), dissolved oxygen (d.o.), nutrients (nuts), dissolved inorganic carbon (d.i.c.), carbon isotopes (C'topes), barium, primary productivity (prim prod), "Seacat" casts, and the following biological samples: pigments (pig), cyanobacteria counts (cyan), lugols iodine fixed algal counts (lugs), and osmium/gluteraldehyde fixed protist identifications (os/gl). Note that 1=sample taken, 0=no sample taken. station sal. d.o. nuts d.i.c. C'topes barium prim prod seacat pig cyan lugs os/gl 1 TEST 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 13 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 18 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 19 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 22 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 23 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 24 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 25 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 27 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 28 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 30 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 33 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 34 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 35 SR3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 37 SR3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 38 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 39 TEST 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 42 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 43 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 45 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 46 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 48 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 50 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 52 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 51 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 54 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 56 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 57 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 58 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 59 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 60 SR3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 62 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 63 SR3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 64 SR3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 6 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 P11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 10 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 12 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 14 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 15 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 16 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 18 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 19 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 21 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 22 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 23 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 24 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 25 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 26 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 27 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 29 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 30 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 32 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 33 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 34 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 36 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 37 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 38 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 39 P11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 41 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 42 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 43 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 44 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 45 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 46 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 47 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 48 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 50 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 51 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 52 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 53 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 54 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 55 P11 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 56 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 57 P11 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 58 P11 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 59 ICE STN 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 60 ICE STN 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 61 ICE STN 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 ICE STN 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 63 ICE STN 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 64 ICE STN 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3.5 Principal investigators The principal investigators for the CTD and water sample measurements are listed in Table 6a. Cruise participants are listed in Table 6b. Table 4: Current meter moorings deployed/recovered along SR3 transect. Site deployment bottom latitude longitude current meter nearest CTD Name time (UTC) depth (m) depths (m) station no. moorings deployed SO2 23:46, 15/03/93 3770 50° 33.19'S 142° 42.49'E 300 17 SR3 600 1000 2000 3200 SO3 22:58, 16/03/93 3800 51° 01.54'S 143° 14.35'E 300 18 SR3 600 1000 2000 3200 SO4 02:55, 17/03/93 3580 50° 42.73'S 143° 24.15'E 300 17 SR3 600 1000 2000 3200 SO5 06:24, 17/03/93 3500 50° 24.95'S 143° 31.97'E 1000 16 SR3 2000 3200 moorings recovered SO1 13/03/93 3570 50° 42.90'S 143° 22.90'E 570 17 SR3 (deployed 12/10/91) 820 1070 2070 3270 Table 5: ALACE float deployments. Deployment serial deployment latitude longitude nearest CTD Number number time (UTC) station no. 1 228 09:55, 14/03/93 48° 19.38'S 144° 34.78'E 12 SR3 2 242 08:05, 17/03/93 50° 42.98'S 143° 25.10'E 17 SR3 3 243 06:32, 19/03/93 54° 30.86'S 141° 20.22'E 26 SR3 4 244 20:46, 04/04/93 43° 13.79'S 148° 32.92'E 5 P11 5 233 17:52, 12/04/93 49° 15.68'S 155° 00.56'E 27 P11 6 232 16:55, 21/04/93 55° 43.78'S 155° 03.30'E 41 P11 Table 6a: Principal investigators (*=cruise participant) for water sampling programmes. Measurement name affiliation CTD, salinity, O2, nutrients *Steve Rintoul CSIRO D.I.C., carbon isotopes *Bronte Tilbrook CSIRO primary productivity John Parslow CSIRO biological sampling Harvey Marchant Antarctic Division barium Frank deHairs Vrije Universiteit, Brussels Table 6b: Scientific personnel (cruise participants). name measurement affiliation Nathan Bindoff CTD Antarctic CRC Fred Boland CTD, moorings CSIRO Giorgio Budillon CTD Instituto Universitario Navale Phil Morgan CTD CSIRO Steve Rintoul CTD CSIRO Mark Rosenberg CTD Antarctic CRC Bernadette Sloyan CTD Antarctic CRC Giancarlo Spezie CTD Instituto Universitario Navale Ruth Eriksen salinity, oxygen, nutrients Antarctic CRC Val Latham salinity, oxygen, nutrients CSIRO Mark Pretty D.I.C., carbon isotopes CSIRO Bronte Tilbrook D.I.C., carbon isotopes CSIRO Pru Bonham primary productivity CSIRO Liza Fallon biological sampling, Antarctic Division krill biology Alison Turnbull biological sampling Antarctic Division Tonia Cochran biological sampling, Antarctic division krill biology Vicky Lytle sea ice Antarctic CRC Ian Knott sea ice, electronics Antarctic CRC Rob Massom sea ice Antarctic CRC Kelvin Michael sea ice Antarctic CRC Paul Scott sea ice Antarctic CRC Graeme Snow sea ice Antarctic Division Tony Worby sea ice, CTD Antarctic Division David Eades ornithology Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Paul Scofield ornithology Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Terry Dennis seal biology National Parks and Wildlife Peter Shaughnessy seal biology CSIRO Mark Conde computing Antarctic Division Peter Gormly doctor, seal biology Antarctic Division Steve Kuncio computing Antarctic Division Steve Nicol krill biology, voyage leader Antarctic Division Andrew McEldowney deputy voyage leader Antarctic Division Jon Reeve electronics Antarctic Division Tim Ryan underway measurements Antarctic Division Andrew Tabor gear officer Antarctic Division Ashley Lewis helicopters Helicopter Resources Tony McNabb helicopters Helicopter Resources Dave Pullinger helicopters Helicopter Resources 4 FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS 4.1 CTD and hydrology measurements In this section, CTD and hydrology data collection methods are discussed. CTD data processing techniques are described in detail in Appendix 2, while hydrology laboratory analysis methods are described in Appendix 3. Results of the CTD data calibration, along with data quality information, are presented in Section 6. 4.1.1 CTD Instrumentation E.G.&G. manufactured Neil Brown Mark IIIB CTD units, together with a model 1401 deck unit, were used for CTD measurements (Table 7). The raw data stream was logged by two separate IBM compatible PC's, using the E.G.&G. data aquisition software CTDACQ, version 3.0. The duplication of the data logging PC's allowed data to be viewed simultaneously (in real time) as column formatted numbers on one screen, and in graphical format on the other; the second PC also provided a backup log of the data. Table 7: CTD manufacturer specifications. parameter sensor accuracy resolution Pressure Standard Controls Model 211-35-440 strain ±6.5 dbar 0.1 dbar gauge bridge, stainless steel tube type Temperature Rosemount Model 171 platinum thermometer ±0.005 °C 0.0005°C Conductivity Neil Brown Instruments 4 electrode cell ±0.005 mS/cm 0.001 mS/cm (0.4cm x 0.4cm x 3.0 cm long) Oxygen Beckman polarographic oxygen sensor - - Altimeter Benthos Model 2110 ±5% 0.1 m Two different CTD units were used during the cruise (Table 2). The electronic and data stream configuration of both instruments was identical (Table 8). Note that the fast response thermistor was disconnected from both units. Rosette configurations of both 24 and 12 bottles were used over the course of the cruise. In both cases, General Oceanics rosette pylons were installed, together with 10 and 5 litre General Oceanics Niskin bottles. The 12-bottle configuration was used on stations 36 to 64 of the SR3 section, while on all other casts, the 24-bottle system was used. Deep sea reversing thermometers (Gohla-Precision and Yoshino Keiki) were used to keep track of CTD temperature sensor performance. In general, two protected thermometers were mounted on the shallowest Niskin bottle, while three thermometers (two protected and one unprotected) were mounted on the second deepest bottle. The manufacturer specified accuracy of the protected thermometers is to within ±0.01°C for the main thermometer, and ±0.1°C for the auxiliary. Readings can be resolved to the third decimal place for the main on the protected thermometers, and to the second decimal place for auxiliary and unprotected readings. Table 8: CTD electronic and data stream configuration, and data processing parameters. Note that the scan byte layout applies to both CTD units, and that all parameters (except oxygen temperature) are assigned 2 bytes in the raw data stream. The AD parameters are the additional digitiser channels (unused for this cruise). For the CTD upcast burst data, the first nstart and the last nend data scans are ignored for calculation of burst statistics (Appendix 2); the first jfilt data scans are ignored each time the data lagging recursive filter is restarted (Appendix 2). tau-T is the time constant of the temperature sensor (Appendix 2). jmin is the minimum number of values required in a 2 dbar pressure bin (Appendix 2). CTD serial scanning bytes per bytes per nstart nend jfilt tau-T jmin unit number frequency (Hz) record scan (s) Number 1 1073 15.63 129 28 5 3 8 0.175 9 4 1197 15.63 129 28 5 3 8 0.175 9 Scan byte layout: synch. byte, pressure, temperature, conductivity, utility byte, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, altimeter, AD1, AD2, AD3, AD4, AD5, AD6, end bytes 4.1.2 CTD instrument calibrations Complete calibration information for the CTD pressure and temperature sensors are presented in Appendix 1. Formulae used for parameter calculations are presented in Appendix 2. Pressure sensors were calibrated prior to the cruise, using a Budenberg Deadweight Tester (accurate to ±0.05% of the pressure being measured) over the range 0 to 5515 dbar. Calibrations were performed for the two cases of increasing and decreasing pressure (due to hysteresis of the pressure sensor response), with a fifth order polynomial fitted in each case (Figure A1.1*). CTD temperature sensors were calibrated at the CSIRO Division of Oceanography Calibration Facility (accredited by Australia's national standards body). Two point calibrations were performed, near the triple point of water (0.010°C) and the triple point of phenoxybenzene (26.863°C), using platinum resistance thermometers as transfer standards. The temperature sensor was calibrated prior to the cruise for CTD unit 4, and following the cruise for CTD unit 1. CTD conductivity measurements were calibrated from the in situ salinity samples collected at each station (Appendix 2). As a rule, this enables CTD salinity values to be calculated to a much higher accuracy than by the bulk application of a single set of laboratory determined calibration coefficients. Thus there are no laboratory calibrations for the conductivity sensors. Checks were made prior to the cruise to ensure the conductivity sensors were functioning correctly. Similarly, CTD dissolved oxygen measurements were calibrated from the in situ dissolved oxygen samples (Appendix 2). The complete conductivity and oxygen in situ calibrations are presented in a later section. 4.1.3 CTD and hydrology data collection techniques When on deck, the rosette package was housed in a closed laboratory space. Thus all samples were drawn "indoors". An outward opening hatch, which doubles as a gantry, allowed deployment of the instrument. The package was lowered/raised at the following speeds: 0 to 500 m depth - 20 m/min 500 to 1000 m depth - 40 m/min below 1000 m depth - 60 m/min Winch speeds were maintained by constantly adjusting the winch wire tension, and thus are approximate average values only. The altimeter output was used to guide the instrument to within (in most cases) 15 m of the bed (Table 2). Towards the southern end of both sections, the instrument was lowered to within 10 m of the bed for most stations. CTD data was logged continuously for the entire down and upcast, while Niskin bottles were fired on the upcast only. At each station, the firing depths for the Niskin bottles were decided on using the graphical output of the CTD downcast data. Typically, the deepest bottle was fired at the bottom of the cast, however when vertical motion of the ship increased during rough weather, the CTD was raised approximately 10 m from the bottom of the cast before firing the first bottle. The rosette package was stopped at each level prior to firing a bottle; bottles with reversing thermometers were allowed to equilibrate for 5 min before firing. A fixed sequence was followed for the drawing of water samples on deck, as follows: first sample: dissolved oxygen dissolved inorganic carbon carbon isotopes productivity salinity nutrients barium last sample: biology (see Table 3 for a summary of which samples were drawn at each station). Reversing thermometers were read after the sampling was complete (or nearing completion), typically within one hour of the raising of the rosette package onto the deck. In between stations, the Niskin bottles were only emptied when resetting the bottles for the next station. This helped prevent the crystallization of salt in o-ring seats and spiggots. 4.1.4 Water sampling methods The methods used for drawing the various water samples from the Niskin bottles are described here. Laboratory analysis techniques are described in later sections. Dissolved oxygen: sample bottle volume = 300 ml Bottles are washed and dried before use. As dissolved oxygen samples are drawn first, the Niskin is first tested for obvious leakage by opening the spiggot before opening the air valve. Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the Niskin spiggot for sample drawing. Pickling reagent 1 is 1.83 M MnSO4 (0.5 ml used); reagent 2 is 9 M NaOH with 1.8 M KI (1.0 ml used); reagent 3 is concentrated H2SO4 (2.0 ml used). * start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure no bubbles remain in tube * pinch off flow in tube, and insert into bottom of sample bottle * let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing, at all times ensuring no bubbles enter the flow * fill bottle, overflow by at least one full volume * pinch off tube and slowly remove so that bottle remains full to the brim, then rinse glass stopper * immediately pickle with reagents 1 then 2, inserting reagent dispenser 1 cm below water surface * insert glass stopper, ensuring no bubbles are trapped in sample * thoroughly shake sample (at least 30 vigorous inversions) * store samples in the dark until analysis * acidify samples with reagent 3 immediately prior to analysis Dissolved inorganic carbon: sample bottle volume = 250 ml Tight fitting silicon tubing is attached to the Niskin spiggot for sample drawing. Samples are poisoned with 100 µl of a saturated solution of HgCl2. * drain remaining old sample from the bottle * start water flow through tube for several seconds, making sure no bubbles remain in tube * insert tube into bottom of inverted sample bottle, allowing water to flush out bottle for several seconds * pinch off flow in tube, and invert sample bottle to upright position, keeping tube in bottom of bottle * let flow commence slowly into bottle, gradually increasing, at all times ensuring no bubbles enter the flow * fill bottle, overflow by one full volume, and rinse cap * shake a small amount of water from top, so that water level is between threads and bottle shoulder * insert tip of poison dispenser just into sample, and poison * screw on cap, and invert bottle several times to allow poison to disperse through sample Salinity: sample bottle volume = 300 ml * drain remaining old sample from the bottle (bottles are always stored approximately 1/3 full with water between stations) * rinse bottle and cap 3 times with 100 ml of sample (shaking thoroughly each time); on each rinse, contents of sample bottle are poured over the Niskin bottle spiggot * fill bottle with sample, to bottle shoulder, and screw cap on firmly At all filling stages, care is taken not to let the Niskin bottle spiggot touch the sample bottle. Nutrients: sample tube volume = 12 ml Two nutrient sample tubes are filled simultaneously at each Niskin bottle. * rinse tubes and caps 3 times * fill tubes * shake out water from tubes so that water level is at or below marking line 2 cm below top of tubes (10 ml mark), and screw on caps firmly After sampling, the set of nutrient tubes are placed in a freezer until thawing for analysis. Carbon Isotopes: These are sampled and poisoned in the same fashion as dissolved inorganic carbon, except that 500 ml glass stoppered vacuum flasks are used, and vacuum grease is placed around the stopper before inserting. Barium samples were acidified with HCl. Biological water sampling methods are not reported here. 4.2 Underway measurements Throughout the cruise, the ship's data logging system continuously recorded bottom depth, ship's position and motion, surface water properties and meteorological information. All measurements were quality controlled during the cruise, to remove bad data (Ryan, 1993). After quality controlling of the automatically logged GPS data set, gaps (due to missing data and data flagged as bad) are automatically filled by dead-reckoned positions (using the ship's speed and heading). Positions used for CTD stations are derived from this final GPS data set. Bottom depth is measured by a Simrad EA200 12 kHz echo sounder. A sound speed of 1498 ms-1 is used for all depth calculations, and the ship's draught of 7.3 m has been accounted for in final depth values (i.e. depths are values from the surface). Seawater is pumped on board via an inlet at 7 m below the surface. A portion of this water is diverted to the thermosalinograph (Aplied Microsystems Ltd, model STD-12), and to the fluorometer (Turner Design, peak sensitivity for chlorophyll-a). Sea surface temperatures are measured by a sensor next to the seawater inlet at 7 m depth. The underway measurements for the cruise are contained in column formatted ascii files (Appendix 4). The two file types are as follows (see Appendix 4 for a complete description): (i) 10 second digitised underway measurement data, including time, latitude, longitude, depth and sea surface temperature; (ii) 15 minute averaged data, including time, latitude and longitude, air pressure, wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity, quantum radiation, ship speed and heading, roll and pitch, sea surface salinity and temperature, average fluorescence, and seawater flow. 5 MAJOR PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED The most significant disruption to the measurement program was the loss of the rosette package at station 35 on the SR3 transect, due to a failure of the cable termination just above the rosette frame. As no spare 24 bottle system was available, the rest of the SR3 transect (stations 36 to 64) was completed using a 12 bottle system, double dipping at each station, as follows: a shallow and a deep dip were taken at each station, the shallow dip down to 1000 dbar and the deep dip to the bottom. For the deep dip, the 12 depths sampled were all below 1000 dbar. Note that in most cases, the deep dip was taken first. The unscheduled return to Hobart on completion of the SR3 transect allowed a spare 24 bottle system to be picked up - this system was then used for the P11 transect. The last good quality dissolved oxygen sensor was lost with the CTD at station 35 on the SR3 transect. Furthermore, no spare sensors were available on the return to Hobart. Thus good quality CTD dissolved oxygen data was only obtained for stations 1 to 35 of the SR3 section. For all remaining stations, dissolved oxygen values are available from the hydrology data only. A lower grade CTD oxygen data calibration was performed for stations 36 to 64 of SR3, and stations 1 to 29 of P11, but these lower grade CTD oxygen data are not included in the cruise data set. CTD oxygen data from stations 30 to 64 of P11 were unusable. Following the loss of the rosette package, the next few stations were conducted using a different winch system. As a result of the shorter wire on this winch, the next three deep casts (stations 38, 40 and 42 of the SR3 transect) did not reach the bottom (Table 2). Following station 42, measurements were resumed using the original winch system, allowing full depth casts. A further problem, resulting from the rosette package loss, was the replacement Niskin bottles used. For the remainder of the SR3 transect where a 12 bottle rosette system was used (stations 36 to 64), a full complement of 10 l Niskin bottles was available. However for the P11 transect, conducted using the replacement 24 bottle system, seven 5 l Niskin bottles were employed to make up the full complement of 24 bottles. These 5 l bottles leaked on many occasions, and a high proportion of the samples were rejected in the data processing stage. Prior to the last station on SR3 (station 64), the water in the CTD sensor covers froze. On deployment of the instrument at this station, the sensors froze again as the package was about to enter the water. Subsequent conductivity measurements on the P11 transect revealed that the CTD conductivity cell had been altered by the freezing - the response of the conductivity cell was significantly changed. Freezing of instrumentation resulted in data loss in the southern part of both transects. For SR3 station 64, no useful CTD data was obtained due to the ice on the sensors, while no Niskin bottles were successfully fired owing to the frozen rosette pylon. For P11 stations 55 to 64, CTD downcast data could not be used due to ice on the sensors: upcast data was used instead, as discussed in a later section. In general, a logistical problem exists with deployment of the instrumentation in very cold conditions. When deployment of the package commences at each station, the instruments are exposed to the air for a short time before entering the water. Under extreme conditions of cold (Table 9), any moisture on the CTD sensors will freeze as the sensors are exposed to the air, rendering the CTD data unusable as long as ice remains on the sensors. Normally, the CTD sensors are kept in fresh water between stations, however storage in a hypersaline solution may help prevent the freezing of any moisture on the sensors. This method will be trialed on future cruises. The hydrology laboratory lacked temperature control, affecting the quality of hydrology analyses: over the entire cruise, lab temperatures over the range 8 to 30°C were noted. Temperature fluctuations in the laboratory meant that analyses at times had to be abandoned and resumed at a later time: for silicates in particular, repeat analysis runs were often needed. Laboratory temperatures are shown for the times of dissolved oxygen analyses (Figure 2*). Table 9: Air temperature and wind speed for stations where CTD sensors froze. Note that the CTD is deployed from the port side of the ship, thus the port side air temperature is shown. Also note that wind chill factor has not been included. transect station port air temperature wind speed number (deg. C) (knots) SR3 64 -13.6 35.4 P11 55 -10.4 6.1 P11 56 -6.4 21.6 P11 57 -14.0 16.5 P11 58 -6.7 14.4 P11 59 -1.6 7.6 P11 60 -11.3 8.6 P11 61 -13.4 12.6 P11 62 -12.6 14.7 P11 63 -17.1 13.2 P11 64 -15.1 19.4 At station 21 on the P11 transect, several samples were lost due to repeated misfiring of the rosette pylon. The misfiring was thought to have been caused by fouling of the mechanical parts, and/or contamination of the mineral oil in the pylon. Following servicing of the pylon, alignment of the pylon stepping motor proved difficult, and several attempts at realignment were made for the rest of the P11 transect. As a result of the alignment problem, double firing of the rosette occurred during many of the remaining casts. In most cases, bottle firing sequence could be deduced by comparison of the hydrology samples with the uncalibrated CTD data. Note however that this task became increasingly difficult further south in the P11 transect where there are very weak vertical gradients in the measured parameters. 6 RESULTS This section details information relevant to the creation and the quality of the final CTD and hydrology data set. For actual use of the data, the following is important: CTD data - Tables 16, 17 and 18, and section 6.1.2; hydrology data - Tables 22 and 23. Historical data comparisons are made in Appendix 6. 6.1 CTD measurements 6.1.1 Creation of CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data Information relevant to the creation of the calibrated CTD 2 dbar-averaged and upcast burst data is tabulated, as follows: Figure 2*: Hydrology laboratory temperatures at the times of dissolved oxygen analyses. * Table 10 lists the bad raw data scans, with more than 8 missing bytes, identified during the conversion of the raw binary CTD data to Unix unformatted files (Appendix 2, section A2.4). * Surface pressure offsets calculated for each station (Appendix 2, section A2.6.1) are listed in Table 11. Note that for 4 of the stations, the value is estimated from the surrounding stations (data logging did not commence until after the CTD was in the water). * Missing 2 dbar data averages (Appendix 2, section A2.8) are listed in Table 12. For stations which include CTD dissolved oxygen data, there may be additional 2 dbar averages where the oxygen data only is missing - these data are referred to in Table 19. * CTD conductivity calibration coefficients (Appendix 2, section A2.10), including the station groupings used for the conductivity calibration, are listed in Tables 13 and 14. * CTD raw data scans flagged for special treatment (Appendix 2, section A2.11.1) are listed in Table 15. * Suspect 2 dbar averages are listed in Tables 16 and 17 (for more details, see Appendix 2, section A2.11.2). Note that Table 16 refers to CTD salinity data only. Table 18 lists 2 dbar averages which are linear interpolations of the surrounding 2 dbar averages. * Table 19 lists the 2 dbar data for which there is no dissolved oxygen data. * CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients (Appendix 2, section A2.12) are listed in Table 20. The starting values used for the coefficients prior to iteration, and the coefficients varied during the iteration, are listed in Table 21. * Upcast CTD burst data automatically flagged with the code -1 (rejected for conductivity calibration) or 0 (questionable value, but still used for conductivity calibration) (Appendix 2, section A2.7.4) are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.1. * The different protected thermometers used for the stations are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.4. 6.1.2 CTD data quality The CTD data was processed in four separate groups, as follows: * SR3 stations 1 to 35 : CTD unit 4 * SR3 stations 36 to 63 : CTD unit 1, shallow/deep cast pairs at each location * P11 stations 1 to 54 : CTD unit 1 * P11 (and sea ice) stations 55 to 64 : CTD unit 1, upcast data used for 2 dbar-averaging SR3 stations The CTD dissolved oxygen sensor degraded progressively over stations 10 to 13 of the SR3 transect. The accuracy of CTD dissolved oxygen data for stations 11, 12 and 13 is diminished (particularly for stations 12 and 13), as can be seen from the higher dox values in Table 20. The sensor was changed following station 13. Note also that for SR3 station 13, a negative value for the dissolved oxygen calibration coefficient K6 (Table 20) was required to obtain a reasonable fit (positive values are normally expected). In addition, for SR3 stations 3, 11, 12, 19 and 24, the coefficient K5 is greater than 1, while for SR3 station 4, K5<0 (Table 20). Strictly speaking, we should have 0 < or equal to K5 < or equal to 1 (Millard and Yang, 1993). For SR3 station 22, the salinity residual is high for the entire station (Figure 5a*). Salinity samples from rosette positions 3 to 7 may have been drawn out of sequence. For samples above this, inspection of the raw upcast CTD data did not reveal any obvious fouling. This indicates that the Niskin bottle salinity values for this station are suspect. All bottles were rejected for the conductivity calibration, and the station was grouped with the calibrations applied to SR3 stations 18 to 21 (Table 13). No bottle samples were obtained for SR3 station 35, due to loss of the rosette package. For the conductivity calibration, the station was grouped with the calibrations applied to SR3 stations 32 to 34 (Table 13); for the dissolved oxygen calibration, station 35 was grouped with the calibrations for SR3 stations 33 and 34 (Table 20). For SR3 station 36, only 6 salinity samples were taken over the 1000 m cast. These samples were all rejected for the conductivity calibration. For SR3 station 37, no bottle samples were taken. Stations 36 and 37 were both grouped with the calibrations applied to SR3 stations 38, 39 and 40 (Table 13). SR3 stations 1 and 39 were both test casts, with all bottles fired at a single depth. Conductivity calibrations for these two stations therefore rely heavily on the station groupings in which they fall (Table 13). As noted in Table 11, the surface pressure offset value for station 51 of the SR3 transect was estimated from the surrounding stations. Any resulting additional error in the CTD pressure data is judged to be small (no more than 0.2 dbar). For SR3 station 55, the conductivity sensor was fouled ~150 dbar from the bottom of the downcast, and remained fouled for the entire upcast. The upcast data was therefore unusable, and all the upcast bursts were rejected for the conductivity calibration. The station was grouped with the calibrations applied to SR3 stations 53, 54 and 56 (Table 13). P11 and sea ice stations For the P11 data, the response of the CTD conductivity cell was altered by the freezing of the sensors at SR3 station 64 (section 5). The conductivity calibration routine adequately dealt with the new cell response (Figure 4c*). For P11 stations 8 and 39, the cast was abandoned in both cases before the bottom was reached, due to unfavourable weather conditions. No Niskin bottle samples were obtained, however casts at both locations were repeated with, respectively, stations 9 and 40. For stations 8 and 39, CTD conductivity was calibrated in the station groupings listed in Table 13. The surface pressure offset values for P11 stations 9, 20 and 24 (similarly to station 51 of the SR3 transect) were estimated from the surrounding stations. Any resulting additional error in the CTD pressure data is judged to be small (no more than 0.2 dbar). Double firing of the rosette pylon occurred during many of the casts following P11 station 21 (section 5). For vertical positions where the accidental double firings occurred, the first sample of the pair was rejected for the conductivity calibration (Appendix 5, Table A5.3). This, together with the large number of rejections due to the leaking 5 l Niskin bottles (section 5), resulted in a significantly higher sample rejection rate for the P11 transect than for the SR3 data set (see Figure 4*). Note however that the double firings provided a useful data set for dissolved oxygen and nutrient sample analysis replication (section 6.2.2). For P11 station 38, the conductivity sensor was fouled for the entire upcast above 400 dbar. The upcast data above 400 dbar was therefore unusable, and the upcast bursts for rosette positions 19 to 24 were rejected for the conductivity calibration. Similarly for P11 station 43, the conductivity sensor was fouled for the entire upcast above 700 dbar - the upcast bursts for rosette positions 16 to 24 were rejected for the conductivity calibration. For P11 station 47, the conductivity sensor was fouled near the bottom of the downcast, and remained fouled for the entire upcast. The upcast data was therefore unusable, and all the upcast bursts were rejected for the conductivity calibration. The station was grouped with the calibrations applied to P11 stations 44 to 46 (Table 13). The relatively large salinity residual scatter of 0.0029 psu for this group (Table 13, and Figure 5c*) may also be due to fouling for all these stations. Indeed the near surface CTD 2 dbar values for these stations are noted as suspect in Table 17. For P11 (and sea ice) stations 55 to 64, ice on the CTD sensors (see section 5) rendered the downcast data unusable. Upcast data was used to form the 2 dbar-averaged data for these stations. The accuracy of the CTD salinity data for this group of stations, as revealed by the CTD conductivity calibration, is diminished (see sigma values in Table 13, and Figure 5d*: in the figure, the scatter is greatest for stations 56 and 60). For some of these stations, ice may have remained on the sensors during the upcast. Indeed the maximum water temperature for these stations, always less than 2 degrees C, may not have been sufficient to remove all the ice from the sensors. Bubbles may also have become trapped in the conductivity sensor during freezing. CTD salinity accuracy of the order 0.01 psu should be assumed for this group of stations. For P11 (and sea ice) stations 57, 58, 59 and 64, shallow casts only were taken (Table 2), due to unfavourable weather and sea ice conditions. The bottom position for P11 station 63 (Table 2) was interpolated from the start and end positions for the station, as no value was available from the underway measurements. Summary The following is a summary of the data quality cautions discussed above: station no. CTD parameter caution 1 SR3 salinity test cast - all bottles fired at same depth 11 SR3 dissolved oxygen diminished CTD dissolved oxygen accuracy due to degrading sensor 12 SR3 dissolved oxygen diminished CTD dissolved oxygen accuracy due to degrading sensor 13 SR3 dissolved oxygen diminished CTD dissolved oxygen accuracy due to degrading sensor 22 SR3 salinity CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 18, 19, 20, 21 35 SR3 salinity CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 32, 33, 34 35 SR3 dissolved oxygen CTD dissolved oxygen calibrated with bottles from stations 33, 34 36 SR3 salinity CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 38, 39, 40 37 SR3 salinity CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 38, 39, 40 38 SR3 all parameters CTD cast not all the way to the bottom 39 SR3 salinity test cast - all bottles fired at same depth 40 SR3 all parameters CTD cast not all the way to the bottom 42 SR3 all parameters CTD cast not all the way to the bottom 51 SR3 pressure surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations 55 SR3 salinity CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 53, 54, 56 8 P11 salinity CTD cast not all the way to the bottom; CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 9 P11 pressure surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations 20 P11 pressure surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations 24 P11 pressure surface pressure offset estimated from surrounding stations 38 P11 salinity top 6 samples not used in conductivity calibration 39 P11 salinity shallow cast; CTD conductivity calibrated with stations 40, 41 bottles 43 P11 salinity top 9 samples not used in conductivity calibration 47 P11 salinity CTD conductivity calibrated with bottles from stations 44, 45, 46 55 to 64 P11 all parameters files contain upcast data; salinity accuracy reduced 57 to 59 P11 all parameters shallow cast only 63 P11 bottom position lat/long. when CTD at bottom interpolated from start and end lat/long. 64 P11 all parameters shallow cast only The final calibration results for conductivity/salinity and dissolved oxygen, along with the performance check for temperature, are plotted in Figures 3* to 6*. Four plots are included for each parameter, corresponding to the four groups in which the data were processed. For temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, the respective residuals (T(therm) - T(cal)), (s(btl) - s(cal)) and (o(btl) - o(cal)) are plotted. For conductivity, the ratio c(btl)/c(cal) is plotted. T(therm) and T(cal) are respectively the protected thermometer and calibrated upcast CTD burst temperature values; s(btl), s(cal), o(btl), o(cal), c(btl) and c(cal) are as defined in Appendix 2, sections A2.10.1, A2.10.3 and A2.12.1. The plots include mean and standard deviation values, as described in Appendix 2, section A2.14. The temperature residuals are shown in Figures 3a* to d*, along with the mean offset and standard deviation of the residuals. The thermometer value used in each case is the mean of the two protected thermometer readings (protected thermometers used are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.4). Note that in the figures, the "dubious" and "rejected" categories refer to corresponding bottle samples and upcast CTD bursts in the conductivity calibration. Within the accuracy of the reversing thermometers (section 4.1.1), the checks demonstrate stable performance of the CTD temperature sensors for the two CTD units. The conductivity ratios for all bottle samples are plotted in Figures 4a* to D*, while the salinity residuals are plotted in Figures 5a* to d*. The final standard deviation values for the salinity residuals (Figure 5*) indicate the accuracy of the CTD salinity data as ±0.002 psu, except for P11/sea ice stations 55 to 64 (as discussed above). The dissolved oxygen residuals are plotted in Figure 6*. The final standard deviation values are within 1% of full scale values (where full scale is approximately equal to 250 µmol/l for pressure > 750 dbar, and 350 µmol/l for pressure < 750 dbar). Note that the final standard deviation values would be reduced by excluding stations 11, 12 and 13 from the estimation. 6.2 Hydrology data Hydrology analytical methods are detailed in Appendix 3. 6.2.1 Hydrology data quality Quality control information relevant to the hydrology data is tabulated, as follows: * Questionable dissolved oxygen and nutrient Niskin bottle sample values are listed in Tables 22 and 23 respectively. Questionable values are included in the hydrology data file, whereas bad values have been removed. * Laboratory temperatures at the times of dissolved oxygen and nutrient analyses are listed in Tables 24 and 25 respectively. As laboratory temperature was not recorded for nutrient analyses, the values in Table 25 are estimated by interpolating between the values from Table 24 at the times of nutrient analysis runs. * Dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle samples flagged with the code -9 (rejected for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration) (Appendix 2, section A2.12.3) are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.2. * P11 bottles rejected due to double firing of the rosette pylon (section 5) are listed in Appendix 5, Table A5.3. Nutrients For the phosphate analyses, it was found that the Autoanalyser peak height of a sample which was run immediately after a series of carrier solution vials (low nutrient sea water) was suppressed by, on average, 2%. It is suspected that this was due to the phosphomolybdate complex sorbing onto the walls of the instrument tubing after being cleaned by the carrier solution. Later tests proved that frequent flushing with sodium hydroxide reduced the severity of the effect, but did not eliminate it. For later cruises, the manifold and chemistry of the Autoanalyser phosphate channel will be modified in an attempt to minimise the effect. Phosphate samples thus effected (in most cases from rosette positions 12 and 24) are deleted from the hydrology data set. For several stations, the entire set of values for one of the nutrient analyses was suspect, and therefore deleted from the hydrology data, as follows: * P11 station 10, nitrate+nitrite : poor calibration for Autoanalyser nitrate channel; * P11 station 33, silicate : sensitivity decreased by fluctuating lab. temperature; very large gain adjustment had to be applied; * P11 station 35, nitrate+nitrite : poor calibration for Autoanalyser nitrate channel; * P11 station 44, silicate : very large gain adjustment had to be applied; * P11 station 46, silicate : sensitivity decreased by fluctuating lab. temperature (3 repeats tried with no success); * P11 station 56, phosphate : values too high - no explanation; * P11 station 62, nitrate+nitrite : values too low - no explanation. The following notes also apply to the nutrient data: * For SR3 stations 1 and 39 (test casts), no nutrient samples were collected. * For SR3 stations 48, 49, 50 and 51, phosphate concentrations were derived from manual integrations of autoanalyser peak heights. * For P11 station 51, data for all the nutrients were lost during a computer failure. * For P11 station 64, no nutrient samples were collected. 6.2.2 Hydrology sample replicates Although no organised sample replication was carried out, a series of replicates were obtained through the unintentional double firing of Niskin bottles during the P11 transect (section 5). For each pair of Niskin bottles tripped simultaneously at the same depth, samples were drawn and analysed from each bottle, and the difference between the sample pairs calculated for each measured parameter (Figure 7*). A quality control element was introduced by rejecting pairs for which the difference of upcast CTD burst temperatures was > or equal to 0.01°C; two additional bottles were also rejected from the analysis, due to questionable salinity and/or dissolved oxygen values. The results are summarised as follows (note that the standard deviations are calculated for the absolute value of the differences): parameter standard deviation number of full scale of differences samples deflection salinity 0.0008 psu 60 - dissolved oxygen 1.3420 µmol/l 57 -350 µmol/l for p< 750dbar -250 µmol/l for p>750 dbar phosphate 0.0101 µmol/l 49 3.0 µmol/l nitrate+nitrite 0.2635 µmol/l 55 35.0 µmol/l silicate 1.5407 µmol/l 53 140 µmol/l It is assumed that these precision values would be significantly reduced if the sample pairs were drawn from the same Niskin bottle. Also note that outliers have not been removed - for instance, by removing the single outliers for the case of dissolved oxygen and silicate (Figure 7*), the standard deviations are greatly reduced, to the respective values 0.6851 and 0.4511 µmol/l. Figure 3a* and b*: Temperature residual (T(therm) - T(cal)) versus station number for SR3. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2). Note that the "dubious" and "rejected" categories refer to the conductivity calibration. Figure 3c* and d*: Temperature residual (T(therm) - T(cal)) versus station number for P11 and sea ice stations. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2). Note that the "dubious" and "rejected" categories refer to the conductivity calibration. Figure 4a* and b*: Conductivity ratio c(btl)/c(cal) versus station number for SR3. The solid line follows the mean of the residuals for each station; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the residuals for each station (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2). Figure 4c* and d*: Conductivity ratio c(btl)/c(cal) versus station number for P11 and sea ice stations. The solid line follows the mean of the residuals for each station; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the residuals for each station (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2). Figure 5a* to d*: Salinity residual (s(btl) - s(cal)) versus station number for SR3, P11 and sea ice stations. The solid line is the mean of all the residuals; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of all the residuals (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2). Figure 6*: Dissolved oxygen residual (o(btl) - o(cal)) versus station number for SR3 stations 1 to 35. The solid line follows the mean residual for each station; the broken lines are ± the standard deviation of the residuals for each station (as defined in section A2.14, Appendix 2). Figure 7*: Absolute value of parameter differences between sample pairs derived from Niskin bottle pairs tripped at the same depth. Note that no pressure dependent trend is evident. Table 10: Bad record log for ship-logged CTD raw binary data files. Station no. of bad scan nos for the station no. of bad scan nos for the records bad records records bad records ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- 34 SR3 1 28692 20 P11 2 14232,14239 43 SR3 2 1899,1906 32 P11 1 20264 44 SR3 4 8987,8994,24349,24439 37 P11 1 16722 51 SR3 2 9377,9390 56 P11 1 37532 57 P11 3 9890,9981,10001 Table 11: Surface pressure offsets. ** indicates that value is estimated from surrounding stations (as data logging commenced after CTD was in the water). station surface p station surface p station surface p station surface p number offset (dbar) number offset (dbar) number offset (dbar) number offset (dbar) ---------------------- --------------------- -------------------- --------------------- 1 SR3 -0.10 17 SR3 -0.50 33 SR3 0.00 49 SR3 1.40 2 SR3 -0.50 18 SR3 -0.60 34 SR3 0.00 50 SR3 1.10 3 SR3 -0.30 19 SR3 -0.50 35 SR3 -0.10 51 SR3 1.10** 4 SR3 -0.30 20 SR3 -0.30 36 SR3 0.90 52 SR3 1.20 5 SR3 -0.70 21 SR3 -0.80 37 SR3 1.40 53 SR3 1.40 6 SR3 -0.60 22 SR3 -0.70 38 SR3 1.80 54 SR3 0.80 7 SR3 -0.60 23 SR3 -0.40 39 SR3 1.20 55 SR3 1.40 8 SR3 -0.60 24 SR3 -0.30 40 SR3 1.60 56 SR3 1.10 9 SR3 -0.60 25 SR3 -0.50 41 SR3 1.50 57 SR3 1.70 10 SR3 -0.30 26 SR3 -0.40 42 SR3 1.20 58 SR3 1.40 11 SR3 -1.20 27 SR3 -0.10 43 SR3 1.60 59 SR3 1.60 12 SR3 -0.40 28 SR3 -0.30 44 SR3 1.00 60 SR3 1.20 13 SR3 -0.50 29 SR3 1.30 45 SR3 1.20 61 SR3 1.70 14 SR3 1.10 30 SR3 -0.40 46 SR3 1.10 62 SR3 1.50 15 SR3 -0.30 31 SR3 -0.20 47 SR3 1.50 63 SR3 1.70 16 SR3 -0.50 2 SR3 -0.10 48 SR3 1.20 1 P11 -1.50 17 P11 -1.60 33 P11 0.00 49 P11 -0.30 2 P11 -1.20 18 P11 -1.30 34 P11 -1.00 50 P11 -1.00 3 P11 -1.10 19 P11 -1.20 35 P11 -1.20 51 P11 0.50 4 P11 -1.10 20 P11 -1.20** 36 P11 -1.00 52 P11 0.10 5 P11 -1.10 21 P11 -1.10 37 P11 -0.70 53 P11 -0.60 6 P11 -1.10 22 P11 -1.10 38 P11 -0.30 54 P11 0.70 7 P11 -1.90 23 P11 -1.30 39 P11 -0.10 55 P11 0.60 8 P11 -1.80 24 P11 -1.00** 40 P11 -1.10 56 P11 0.60 9 P11 -1.30** 25 P11 -0.80 41 P11 -1.00 57 P11 0.30 10 P11 -1.30 26 P11 -0.90 42 P11 -0.30 58 P11 -0.10 11 P11 -1.10 27 P11 -1.30 43 P11 -0.30 59 P11 0.40 12 P11 -1.90 28 P11 -0.50 44 P11 -0.30 60 P11 1.00 13 P11 -1.50 29 P11 -1.50 45 P11 -0.50 61 P11 1.10 14 P11 -1.40 30 P11 -0.60 46 P11 0.00 62 P11 -0.60 15 P11 -2.50 31 P11 -0.60 47 P11 -0.20 63 P11 1.20 16 P11 -2.10 32 P11 -1.90 48 P11 -0.50 64 P11 -0.60 Table 12: Missing data points in 2 dbar-averaged files; jmin is the minimum number of data points required in a 2 dbar bin to form the 2 dbar average (Table 8). station pressures (dbar) where reason number data missing 22 SR3 2422 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 31 SR3 86, 2200 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 35 SR3 2128 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 38 SR3 1862 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 43 SR3 308, 310 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 51 SR3 2 to 38 logging of CTD data started at 39 dbar 7 P11 2846, 2854, 2856 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 9 P11 2904 to 2910 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 15 P11 2858 to 2862 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 19 P11 2916, 2920 to 2924 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 20 P11 2892, 2894 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 21 P11 2898 to 2902 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 24 P11 2, 4 logging of CTD data started at 5 dbar 25 P11 2704 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 36 P11 2240 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 37 P11 2668 to 2674 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 38 P11 144, 150 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 40 P11 2064 to 2068 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 43 P11 1800 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 46 P11 492, 494, 498 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 48 P11 1072 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 50 P11 382 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 52 P11 1358 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 55 P11 730, 890, 900, 910, 912, 920, 922, 962, 970, 972 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 57 P11 138, 370, 394 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin 63 P11 658 to 662 no. of data pts in 2 dbar bin < jmin Table 13: CTD conductivity calibration coefficients F1 , F2 and F3 are respectively conductivity bias, slope and station-dependent correction calibration terms. n is the number of samples retained for calibration in each station grouping; sigma is the standard deviation of the conductivity residual for the n samples in the station grouping (eqn A2.22). station F1 F2 F3 n sigma grouping 01 to 03 SR3 -0.87027432E-01 0.10017877E-02 0.10859350E-07 31 0.001300 04 to 09 SR3 -0.83701358E-01 0.10016142E-02 0.55501037E-09 94 0.001243 10 to 14 SR3 -0.78860776E-01 0.10014170E-02 0.25279478E-07 102 0.001956 15 to 17 SR3 -0.85449315E-01 0.10004824E-02 0.88519662E-07 63 0.001908 18 to 22 SR3 -0.77938486E-01 0.10015112E-02 0.43526756E-08 84 0.001515 23 to 25 SR3 -0.78034870E-01 0.10009759E-02 0.23816527E-07 61 0.001446 26 to 28 SR3 -0.11344760 0.10017975E-02 0.35008045E-07 69 0.001160 29 to 31 SR3 -0.12312104 0.10044041E-02 -0.39590036E-07 65 0.002103 32 to 35 SR3 -0.45634971E-01 0.10001842E-02 0.91926248E-08 61 0.001375 36 to 40 SR3 0.21777478E-01 0.98457210E-03 -0.13856960E-07 27 0.000837 41 to 44 SR3 -0.30707095E-01 0.98499649E-03 0.15361759E-07 44 0.000889 45 to 48 SR3 -0.42736690E-01 0.98605541E-03 -0.66427282E-09 45 0.001273 49 to 52 SR3 -0.65699587E-01 0.98930618E-03 -0.47225885E-07 41 0.001601 53 to 56 SR3 -0.11637961E-02 0.98666472E-03 -0.36153105E-07 33 0.001344 57 to 59 SR3 -0.52398276E-01 0.98827823E-03 -0.32865597E-07 33 0.001361 60 to 63 SR3 0.16151333E-01 0.98275386E-03 0.19604304E-07 41 0.001887 01 to 03 P11 -0.31795846E-01 0.98572167E-03 0.13552725E-07 22 0.002011 04 to 09 P11 -0.46275229E-01 0.98612725E-03 -0.74828649E-09 88 0.001611 10 to 13 P11 -0.47789830E-01 0.98627146E-03 -0.16757783E-07 80 0.001457 14 to 15 P11 -0.48213369E-01 0.98631891E-03 -0.73256222E-08 35 0.001642 16 to 17 P11 -0.60969827E-01 0.98546887E-03 0.63554902E-07 30 0.001115 18 to 20 P11 -0.43918874E-01 0.98611745E-03 -0.26277663E-08 56 0.002054 21 to 22 P11 -0.40540240E-01 0.99177983E-03 -0.27246037E-06 32 0.001370 23 to 26 P11 -0.43497114E-01 0.98601958E-03 -0.66065918E-08 74 0.001879 27 to 31 P11 -0.46853495E-01 0.98585209E-03 0.67960792E-08 82 0.001754 32 to 35 P11 -0.29913756E-01 0.98647257E-03 -0.29720600E-07 60 0.001447 36 to 38 P11 -0.12768778E-01 0.98389993E-03 0.31673400E-07 42 0.001282 39 to 41 P11 -0.36303034E-01 0.98454817E-03 0.30142259E-07 33 0.001357 42 to 43 P11 -0.75863129E-01 0.98361994E-03 0.77030262E-07 30 0.002289 44 to 47 P11 -0.81708355E-01 0.99161204E-03 -0.87058417E-07 61 0.002925 48 to 51 P11 -0.66000414E-01 0.98524873E-03 0.26616089E-07 75 0.001989 52 to 54 P11 -0.27064281E-01 0.98750556E-03 -0.43742540E-07 56 0.001276 55 to 56 P11 -0.11739958E-01 0.99332894E-03 -0.17130823E-06 31 0.007388 57 to 58 P11 -0.31888641E-01 0.98091544E-03 0.63203397E-07 20 0.002033 59 to 60 P11 0.12828883 0.99354871E-03 -0.25069381E-06 33 0.007798 61 to 62 P11 0.56253874E-01 0.96530435E-03 0.20215141E-06 36 0.003554 63 to 64 P11 -0.30621303 0.95767099E-03 0.51973919E-06 29 0.002307 Table 14: Station-dependent-corrected conductivity slope term (F2 + F3 . N), for station number N, and F2 and F3 the conductivity slope and station- dependent correction calibration terms respectively. station (F2 + F3 . N) station (F2 + F3 . N) station (F2 + F3 . N) number number number ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- 1 SR3 0.10017986E-02 22 SR3 0.10016070E-02 43 SR3 0.98565704E-03 2 SR3 0.10018094E-02 23 SR3 0.10015236E-02 44 SR3 0.98567241E-03 3 SR3 0.10018203E-02 24 SR3 0.10015475E-02 45 SR3 0.98602552E-03 4 SR3 0.10016164E-02 25 SR3 0.10015713E-02 46 SR3 0.98602485E-03 5 SR3 0.10016170E-02 26 SR3 0.10027077E-02 47 SR3 0.98602419E-03 6 SR3 0.10016175E-02 27 SR3 0.10027427E-02 48 SR3 0.98602352E-03 7 SR3 0.10016181E-02 28 SR3 0.10027777E-02 49 SR3 0.98699211E-03 8 SR3 0.10016187E-02 29 SR3 0.10032560E-02 50 SR3 0.98694488E-03 9 SR3 0.10016192E-02 30 SR3 0.10032164E-02 51 SR3 0.98689766E-03 10 SR3 0.10016698E-02 31 SR3 0.10031768E-02 52 SR3 0.98685043E-03 11 SR3 0.10016951E-02 32 SR3 0.10004783E-02 53 SR3 0.98474860E-03 12 SR3 0.10017204E-02 33 SR3 0.10004875E-02 54 SR3 0.98471245E-03 13 SR3 0.10017457E-02 34 SR3 0.10004967E-02 55 SR3 0.98467630E-03 14 SR3 0.10017710E-02 35 SR3 0.10005059E-02 56 SR3 0.98464014E-03 15 SR3 0.10018102E-02 36 SR3 0.98407325E-03 57 SR3 0.98640489E-03 16 SR3 0.10018987E-02 37 SR3 0.98405939E-03 58 SR3 0.98637203E-03 17 SR3 0.10019873E-02 38 SR3 0.98404554E-03 59 SR3 0.98633916E-03 18 SR3 0.10015896E-02 39 SR3 0.98403168E-03 60 SR3 0.98393012E-03 19 SR3 0.10015939E-02 40 SR3 0.98401782E-03 61 SR3 0.98394972E-03 20 SR3 0.10015983E-02 41 SR3 0.98562632E-03 62 SR3 0.98396933E-03 21 SR3 0.10016026E-02 42 SR3 0.98564168E-03 63 SR3 0.98398893E-03 1 P11 0.98573522E-03 23 P11 0.98586762E-03 44 P11 0.98778147E-03 2 P11 0.98574878E-03 24 P11 0.98586102E-03 45 P11 0.98769441E-03 3 P11 0.98576233E-03 25 P11 0.98585441E-03 46 P11 0.98760735E-03 4 P11 0.98612425E-03 26 P11 0.98584781E-03 47 P11 0.98752030E-03 5 P11 0.98612350E-03 27 P11 0.98603559E-03 48 P11 0.98652630E-03 6 P11 0.98612276E-03 28 P11 0.98604238E-03 49 P11 0.98655292E-03 7 P11 0.98612201E-03 29 P11 0.98604918E-03 50 P11 0.98657953E-03 8 P11 0.98612126E-03 30 P11 0.98605598E-03 51 P11 0.98660615E-03 9 P11 0.98612051E-03 31 P11 0.98606277E-03 52 P11 0.98523095E-03 10 P11 0.98610388E-03 32 P11 0.98552151E-03 53 P11 0.98518721E-03 11 P11 0.98608712E-03 33 P11 0.98549179E-03 54 P11 0.98514346E-03 12 P11 0.98607036E-03 34 P11 0.98546207E-03 55 P11 0.98390698E-03 13 P11 0.98605361E-03 35 P11 0.98543235E-03 56 P11 0.98373567E-03 14 P11 0.98621635E-03 36 P11 0.98504017E-03 57 P11 0.98451804E-03 15 P11 0.98620902E-03 37 P11 0.98507184E-03 58 P11 0.98458124E-03 16 P11 0.98648575E-03 38 P11 0.98510352E-03 59 P11 0.97875777E-03 17 P11 0.98654931E-03 39 P11 0.98572372E-03 60 P11 0.97850708E-03 18 P11 0.98607015E-03 40 P11 0.98575386E-03 61 P11 0.97763559E-03 19 P11 0.98606752E-03 41 P11 0.98578401E-03 62 P11 0.97783774E-03 20 P11 0.98606489E-03 42 P11 0.98685521E-03 63 P11 0.99041455E-03 21 P11 0.98605816E-03 43 P11 0.98693224E-03 64 P11 0.99093429E-03 22 P11 0.98578570E-03 Table 15: CTD raw data scans, in the vicinity of artificial density inversions, flagged for special treatment. Note that the pressure listed is approximate only; the action taken is either to ignore the raw data scans for all further calculations, or to apply a linear interpolation over the region of the bad data scans. Causes of bad data, listed in the last column, are detailed in Appendix 2 (section A2.11.1); note that for P11, after station 54, preliminary dips were conducted to remove ice from the sensors. For the raw scan number ranges, the lowest and highest scans numbers are not included in the interpolate or ignore actions. station approximate raw scan action reason number pressure (dbar) numbers taken 1 SR3 80; 842 3349-455; 30588-681 interpolate wake effect 2 SR3 102; 120 8630-942; 9265-444 " " " 2 SR3 148 10133-43 interpolate sal. spike in steep grad. 2 SR3 192 11304-14 ignore " " " " " 3 SR3 158; 166; 8113-213; 8298-421; interpolate wake effect 3 SR3 222 10474-633 & 10647-785 " " " 3 SR3 872 26389-484 " " " 4 SR3 110; 150; 884 8148-228; 8985-9094; 22195-281 " " " 4 SR3 895 22364-431 ignore " " 5 SR3 952-962 23510-613 & 23681-832 & 23861-24012 interpolate " " 5 SR3 1438 34451-511 " " " 6 SR3 74 3396-504 ignore " " 6 SR3 78; 82 3598-715; 3744-842 interpolate " " 10 SR3 298 10797-801 ignore sal. spike in steep grad. 12 SR3 120 7590-669 " wake effect 14 SR3 986 22851-944 interpolate " " 16 SR3 158 5976-9 ignore sal. spike in steep grad. 17 SR3 118 16181-297 " wake effect 17 SR3 324 21501-59 interpolate " " 17 SR3 596 28138-43 ignore fouling of cond. cell 18 SR3 742 16877-913 " wake effect 20 SR3 74 4465-538 ignore " " 20 SR3 94; 108; 168 4872-913; 5134-99; 6288-377 interpolate " " 20 SR3 180 6554-71 " sal. spike in steep grad. 20 SR3 224; 256; 280 7485-98; 8159-70; 8621-34 ignore " " " " " 24 SR3 75 6527-94 " wake effect 25 SR3 190; 203 9459-543; 9931-10052 " " " 25 SR3 198 9754-861 interpolate " " 27 SR3 90 5095-188 " " " 28 SR3 166 12240-345 ignore " " 28 SR3 172; 175 12418-543; 12562-655 interpolate " " 29 SR3 83; 94 9423-91; 9589-674 " " " 31 SR3 82; 84 5326-98; 5421-532 ignore " " 31 SR3 90; 131 5564-646; 6456-549 interpolate " " 32 SR3 372 11300-79 " possible fouling 33 SR3 96 5512-45 ignore wake effect 34 SR3 254 7224-90 " " " 37 SR3 84; 88 2658-775 " " " 39 SR3 84; 90 4598-635; 4725-71 " " " 43 SR3 84 4124-36 " " " 44 SR3 1686 41078-85 interpolate bad data 47 SR3 2 1453-1667 ignore bad data near surface 49 SR3 48 1668-2241 " fouling of cond. cell 54 SR3 0 278-312 " CTD out of water 55 SR3 859-bottom 17031 to bottom of downcast " fouling of cond. cell 9 P11 780 29906-54 ignore fouling of cond. cell 11 P11 686 26295-403 interpolate fouling of cond. cell 14 P11 70; 86 5514-86; 6087-178 ignore wake effect 14 P11 74; 79; 83 5664-756; 5792-920; 5946-6049 interpolate " " 21 P11 1203 36619-50 ignore fouling of cond. cell 22 P11 2 1013-15 " bad data near surface 22 P11 69; 75 3541-605; 3664-745 " wake effect 27 P11 126; 144 4572-615; 4920-75 " " " 33 P11 2 1595-9 " bad data near surface 33 P11 86 4908-75 interpolate wake effect 33 P11 97; 104 5321-413; 5530-607 ignore " " 35 P11 110 8136-293 " fouling of cond. cell 36 P11 2 161-3 " bad data near surface 36 P11 244 8200-351 interpolate wake effect 38 P11 142; 148 6807-906; 6961-7056 ignore " " 40 P11 127; 134; 142 4210-62; 4324-466; 4515-648 " " " 40 P11 437 14845-915 " " " 42 P11 183 7189-293 " " " 44 P11 2 155-7 " bad data near surface 44 P11 114 3694-764 " wake effect 47 P11 84 4560-675 interpolate " " 47 P11 87; 93 4709-911; 5101-202 ignore " " 47 P11 2746-bottom 71144 to bottom of downcast " fouling of cond. cell 49 P11 2 1004-6 " bad data near surface 50 P11 2 410-13 " " " " 52 P11 2 1084-6 " " " " 53 P11 2 61-3 " " " " 54 P11 2 62-248 " " " " 55 P11 0-100 1-18178 ignore preliminary dip to 100 dbar 56 P11 0-100 1-9844 " " " " 57 P11 0-100 1-13716 " " " " 63 P11 0-100 1-5911 " preliminary dip to 50 dbar 63 P11 664-659 26769-828 " fouling on upcast Table 16: Suspect salinity 2 dbar averages. Station suspect 2 dbar values (dbar) reason Number bad questionable 3 SR3 68 - salinity spike in thermocline 5 SR3 80 - " " 5 SR3 1442 - salinity spike in steep local gradient 9 SR3 1024 - " " " 11 SR3 - 78-82 salinity spike in thermocline 21 SR3 - 74-78 " " 23 SR3 - 70-78 " " 24 SR3 - 72-76 " " 25 SR3 72-74 70 " " 26 SR3 76-80,88-90 - " " 27 SR3 86-88 82-84 " " 28 SR3 80-82 84 " " 29 SR3 80-86,94 - " " 30 SR3 76-78 80 " " 31 SR3 80-84 78,92 " " 32 SR3 92-96 98 " " 33 SR3 94-96 90-92 " " 34 SR3 96-98 92-94 " " 35 SR3 86-88 - " " 37 SR3 82 - " " 39 SR3 88 - " " 40 SR3 84 - " " 42 SR3 86-88 - " " 43 SR3 86 - " " 45 SR3 - 82 " " 22 P11 72 - salinity spike in thermocline 36 P11 112 - " " 40 P11 434 - salinity spike in steep local gradient 44 P11 - 114 salinity spike in thermocline 54 P11 78-82 84 wake effect in thermocline 64 P11 - 44-88 possible fouling Table 17a: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged data from near the surface (applies to all parameters, except where noted). Station suspect 2 dbar values (dbar) station suspect 2 dbar values (dbar) Number bad questionable comment number bad questionable comment ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------- 1-2 SR3 - 2 12 P11 2 - 4 SR3 - 2 13 P11 - 2 13 SR3 - 2 15 P11 - 2-6 temperature ok 16 SR3 - 2 21-23 P11 - 2 19 SR3 - 2-8 temperature ok 29 P11 - 2 20-21 SR3 - 2 30 P11 - 2-10 temperature ok 24 SR3 - 2 31-32 P11 - 2-8 26 SR3 - 2 33 P11 - 2 28-31 SR3 - 2 34-35 P11 - 2-4 33 SR3 - 2 36-38 P11 - 2 36-38 SR3 - 2-4 39 P11 - 2-4 39-43 SR3 - 2 42 P11 - 2 44 SR3 - 2-4 43 P11 - 2-6 45 SR3 - 2 44 P11 2-32 - fouling 46 SR3 - 2-4 45 P11 2-14 - fouling 47 SR3 - 2 46 P11 2-10 - fouling 48 SR3 - 2-4 47 P11 2-6 - fouling 49 SR3 - 2-6 48 P11 2 4-6 50 SR3 - 2-22 possible fouling 49 P11 - 2 52-53 SR3 - 2 50 P11 2-14 - 55 SR3 - 2 51 P11 - 2-4 59 SR3 - 2 52-54 P11 - 2-6 60 SR3 - 2-4 61-62 SR3 - 2 Table 17b: Suspect 2 dbar-averaged dissolved oxygen data from near the surface. station suspect dissolved oxygen 2 dbar values (dbar) number bad questionable 4 SR3 - 2-40 7 SR3 - 2-18 15 SR3 - 2-24 16 SR3 2-62 - 19 SR3 - 2-46 20 SR3 2-24 - 26 SR3 - 2-44 27 SR3 - 2-14 28 SR3 2-20 - 29 SR3 - 2-48 30 SR3 - 2-46 31 SR3 - 2-46 32 SR3 2-12 14-18 33 SR3 2-12 14-48 34 SR3 2-10 12-48 35 SR3 - 2-12 Table 18: 2 dbar averages interpolated from surrounding 2 dbar values (applies to all parameters). station interpolated 2 dbar values station interpolated 2 dbar values number (dbar) number (dbar) ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------- 1 SR3 80,846 11 P11 686,688 2 SR3 104,120,122,148 14 P11 76,80,84 3 SR3 158,166,222,224,226,876 33 P11 88 4 SR3 110,150,886 36 P11 244,246 5 SR3 952,954,960,964,1438 40 P11 130,136,144,440 6 SR3 80,84 47 P11 86 14 SR3 986,988 17 SR3 326 20 SR3 96,110,172,182 25 SR3 200 27 SR3 92 28 SR3 174,178 29 SR3 84,94 31 SR3 90,134 32 SR3 374,376,378 44 SR3 1686 Table 19: 2 dbar-averaged data for which there is no dissolved oxygen data. station number pressures (dbar) where dissolved oxygen data is missing 1 SR3 no dissolved oxygen data for entire station 9 SR3 346 to 360 (bad data, removed from 2 dbar file) 13 SR3 822 to 4166 (bad data, removed from 2 dbar file) 28 SR3 104 36 to 63 SR3 no disssolved oxygen data for entire station 1 to 64 P11 no dissolved oxygen data for entire station Table 20: CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients. K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 and K6 are respectively oxygen current slope, oxygen sensor time constant, oxygen current bias, temperature correction term, weighting factor, and pressure correction term. dox is equal to 2.8sigma (for sigma defined as in eqn A2.27); n is the number of samples retained for calibration in each station or station grouping. station K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 dox n number (SR3) 2 2.0274 8.0000 0.010 -0.17132E-01 0.75000 0.15000E-03 0.15755 8 3 2.0110 8.0000 0.009 -0.13799E-01 1.88960 0.24338E-03 0.14222 11 4 2.7177 8.0000 -0.103 -0.42809E-01 -0.23938 0.20380E-03 0.15926 14 5 2.1200 8.0000 0.022 -0.24495E-01 0.76225 0.14176E-03 0.15091 21 6 2.2364 8.0000 0.001 -0.29764E-01 0.72814 0.14337E-03 0.09138 21 7 2.1626 8.0000 -0.006 -0.29297E-01 0.32787 0.14602E-03 0.14403 21 8 2.3164 8.0000 -0.064 -0.40570E-01 0.73754 0.14970E-03 0.14250 20 9 1.6075 8.0000 -0.042 -0.26481E-01 0.19379 0.12127E-03 0.15818 20 10 1.3971 8.0000 -0.036 -0.16300E-01 0.90868 0.13229E-03 0.19734 24 11 1.3144 8.0000 -0.105 -0.18048E-01 1.16040 0.11158E-03 0.24851 21 12 1.3226 8.0000 -0.064 -0.17154E-01 1.22800 0.75203E-04 0.34541 21 13 1.7061 8.0000 -0.077 -0.40801E-01 0.92952 -0.69989E-04 0.35414 8 14 1.9428 8.0000 0.042 -0.25338E-01 0.85151 0.14716E-03 0.20176 15 15 2.4379 8.0000 -0.028 -0.36510E-01 0.58714 0.15051E-03 0.15346 23 16 2.4229 8.0000 -0.017 -0.35613E-01 0.71932 0.14756E-03 0.09936 17 17 2.1960 8.0000 0.012 -0.24537E-01 0.63182 0.14800E-03 0.13343 21 18 2.4823 8.0000 -0.033 -0.39815E-01 0.45117 0.15443E-03 0.10719 21 19 1.9844 8.0000 0.049 -0.12796E-01 1.00540 0.14438E-03 0.13158 20 20 2.4533 8.0000 -0.014 -0.41319E-01 0.49795 0.14375E-03 0.13144 22 21 2.1079 8.0000 0.040 -0.35278E-01 0.01040 0.14420E-03 0.18382 21 22 2.2612 8.0000 0.006 -0.32143E-01 0.44994 0.15311E-03 0.16557 22 23 2.3880 8.0000 -0.013 -0.38390E-01 0.23562 0.14765E-03 0.12333 20 24 2.5164 8.0000 -0.050 -0.34064E-01 1.29880 0.16609E-03 0.10001 19 25 2.4740 8.0000 -0.027 -0.40397E-01 0.62429 0.14327E-03 0.08337 22 26 2.1406 8.0000 0.008 -0.14545E-01 0.73058 0.16129E-03 0.10123 16 27 2.3617 8.0000 -0.009 -0.36968E-01 0.49548 0.14765E-03 0.13378 17 28 2.4899 8.0000 -0.032 -0.39682E-01 0.57692 0.15114E-03 0.11739 18 29 2.3508 8.0000 -0.024 -0.22407E-01 0.88302 0.15834E-03 0.17424 20 30 2.4132 8.0000 -0.007 -0.39170E-01 0.28909 0.14126E-03 0.13782 22 31 2.1545 8.0000 0.040 -0.30173E-01 0.24521 0.13766E-03 0.18215 21 32 2.4132 8.0000 -0.014 -0.36240E-01 0.78105 0.15136E-03 0.11923 20 33-35 2.2272 8.0000 0.012 -0.21553E-01 0.56467 0.15220E-03 0.10213 40 Table 21: Starting values for CTD dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients prior to iteration, and coefficients varied during iteration (sections A2.12.1 and A2.12.3). Note that coefficients not varied during iteration are held constant at the starting value. station K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 coefficients number varied (SR3) 2 2.3000 8.0000 0.010 -0.200E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K4 3 2.4000 8.0000 0.010 -0.200E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 4 2.6000 8.0000 -0.050 -0.500E-01 0.100 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 5 2.3000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 6 2.3000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 7 2.1000 8.0000 0.000 -0.300E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 8 2.2000 8.0000 -0.020 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 9 1.5000 8.0000 -0.020 -0.300E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 10 1.5000 8.0000 0.010 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 11 1.3300 8.0000 -0.020 -0.300E-01 1.000 0.00000 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 12 1.3400 8.0000 -0.020 -0.200E-01 0.750 0.00000 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 13 1.5000 8.0000 0.030 -0.300E-01 0.750 0.00000 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 14 2.0000 8.0000 0.100 -0.300E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 15 2.4500 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 16 2.4000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 17 2.3000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 18 2.4000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 19 2.3000 8.0000 0.160 -0.300E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 20 2.4000 8.0000 0.000 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 21 2.5000 8.0000 -0.010 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 22 2.2000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 23 2.3500 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 24 2.5000 8.0000 -0.080 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 25 2.4500 8.0000 -0.020 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 26 2.3000 8.0000 0.010 -0.300E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 27 2.3500 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 28 2.4000 8.0000 -0.030 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 29 2.3000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 30 2.3000 8.0000 0.000 -0.400E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 31 2.1000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 32 2.5000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 33-35 2.2000 8.0000 0.000 -0.360E-01 0.750 0.15000E-03 K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 Table 22: Questionable dissolved oxygen Niskin bottle sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file). station rosette station rosette number position number position --------------------------------------------------- 5 P11 17 1 SR3 1,16,20,23 7 P11 14 3 SR3 1 16 P11 4 8 SR3 4 25 P11 5 9 SR3 14,21 30 P11 11 22 SR3 24 51 P11 8,13 24 SR3 19 52 P11 7 41 SR3 9 53 P11 13,23,24 58 SR3 1 58 P11 10 Table 23: Questionable nutrient sample values (not deleted from hydrology data file). PHOSPHATE NITRATE SILICATE station rosette station rosette station rosette number position number position number position ------------------------ ----------------------------- -------------------------- 4 SR3 20 5 SR3 7 5 SR3 24 12 SR3 21,22,23,24 16 SR3 whole station 17 SR3 whole station 20 SR3 3 20 SR3 3 20 SR3 3 29 SR3 20 42 SR3 1 54 SR3 whole station 58 SR3 3 60 SR3 3 ------------------------ ----------------------------- ------------------------ 4 P11 8 7 P11 6,7,8 10 P11 9 13 P11 4 13 P11 4 13 P11 4,7 24 P11 1 26 P11 4 26 P11 4 30 P11 11 30 P11 11 30 P11 11 36 P11 22,24 45 P11 5 45 P11 5 45 P11 5 47 P11 2 47 P11 2 47 P11 2 48 P11 14 48 P11 10,14 48 P11 10 49 P11 10 53 P11 13,19 53 P11 1,13,19 53 P11 13 54 P11 3 54 P11 3 55 P11 17 60 P11 16,17 60 P11 10,13 Table 24: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of dissolved oxygen analyses. Values marked ** are values estimated from temperatures for surrounding stations. stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl no. (°C) no. (°C) no. (°C) no. (°C) no. (°C) no. (°C) ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------ ------------- 1 SR3 20** 12 SR3 20** 23 SR3 16 34 SR3 20 45 SR3 21 56 SR3 17 2 SR3 20** 13 SR3 20** 24 SR3 16** 35 SR3 - 46 SR3 20.1 57 SR3 17 3 SR3 20** 14 SR3 19.5** 25 SR3 19.5 36 SR3 19** 47 SR3 20.1 58 SR3 17 4 SR3 20** 15 SR3 19.5 26 SR3 20 37 SR3 - 48 SR3 18 59 SR3 17 5 SR3 20** 16 SR3 19.5 27 SR3 19.5 38 SR3 19** 49 SR3 18 60 SR3 17** 6 SR3 20** 17 SR3 18.5 28 SR3 18.5** 39 SR3 - 50 SR3 18 61 SR3 17** 7 SR3 20** 18 SR3 18.5 29 SR3 18.5 40 SR3 18 51 SR3 18 62 SR3 17** 8 SR3 20** 19 SR3 19 30 SR3 18.5 41 SR3 18 52 SR3 18 63 SR3 17** 9 SR3 20** 20 SR3 19 31 SR3 19** 42 SR3 17.5 53 SR3 18 10 SR3 20** 21 SR3 19 32 SR3 19.5 43 SR3 17.5 54 SR3 11 11 SR3 20** 22 SR3 16 33 SR3 20 44 SR3 21 55 SR3 11 1 P11 25** 12 P11 24 23 P11 23.5 34 P11 24** 45 P11 23 56 P11 16.5 2 P11 25** 13 P11 22 24 P11 23 35 P11 23.5 46 P11 19.5 57 P11 16.5 3 P11 25** 14 P11 22** 25 P11 23 36 P11 23 47 P11 19.5** 58 P11 16.5 4 P11 25 15 P11 27 26 P11 23** 37 P11 23** 48 P11 16.5 59 P11 16.5 5 P11 25 16 P11 27 27 P11 23 38 P11 23** 49 P11 16.5** 60 P11 17 6 P11 25** 17 P11 24 28 P11 23** 39 P11 - 50 P11 18.5** 61 P11 17 7 P11 25** 18 P11 24 29 P11 25 40 P11 23** 51 P11 18.5** 62 P11 17 8 P11 - 19 P11 24 30 P11 25** 41 P11 23** 52 P11 18.5 63 P11 22 9 P11 23.5 20 P11 24** 31 P11 25** 42 P11 23** 53 P11 17.5** 64 P11 22** 10 P11 24** 21 P11 23.5** 32 P11 25** 43 P11 23** 54 P11 16.5** 11 P11 24** 22 P11 23.5** 33 P11 24.5 44 P11 23** 55 P11 16.5** Table 25: Laboratory temperatures Tl at the times of nutrient analyses, used for conversion to gravimetric units for WOCE format data (Appendix 7). Note that all these values are estimated by interpolation between the Table 24 values at the times of nutrient analyses. stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl stn Tl no. (°C) no. (°C) no. (°C) no. (°C) no. (°C) no. (°C) ------------ ------------- ----------- ------------- ----------- ----------- 1 SR3 19.5 12 SR3 16n,p 21 SR3 19.5 32 SR3 20 43 SR3 21 56 SR3 24 2 SR3 18.5n,p 12 SR3 24s 22 SR3 18.5 33 SR3 20p,s 44 SR3 21 57 SR3 24 2 SR3 22s 13 SR3 16 23 SR3 18.5 33 SR3 22n 45 SR3 21 58 SR3 24 3 SR3 18.5n,p 14 SR3 16 24 SR3 19 34 SR3 19 46 SR3 21 59 SR3 24 3 SR3 22s 15 SR3 16 25 SR3 19 35 SR3 - 47 SR3 21 60 SR3 24 4 SR3 18.5 16 SR3 16n,s 26 SR3 19 36 SR3 19 48 SR3 18 61 SR3 24 5 SR3 18.5 16 SR3 27p 27 SR3 19 37 SR3 - 49 SR3 18 62 SR3 24 6 SR3 19 17 SR3 16n,s 28 SR3 27 38 SR3 19p,s 50 SR3 18 63 SR3 24 7 SR3 19 17 SR3 27p 29 SR3 27n,p 38 SR3 22n 51 SR3 18 8 SR3 19 18 SR3 16 29 SR3 24s 39 SR3 - 52 SR3 18 9 SR3 19 19 SR3 19.5n,s 30 SR3 20n,p 40 SR3 21 53 SR3 18 10 SR3 19 19 SR3 24p 30 SR3 22s 41 SR3 21 54 SR3 18 11 SR3 19 20 SR3 19.5 31 SR3 20 42 SR3 21 55 SR3 18 1 P11 24 12 P11 25 23 P11 23 34 P11 19.5 45 P11 16.5 56 P11 22 2 P11 24 13 P11 24.5 24 P11 23 35 P11 16.5 46 P11 17 57 P11 22 3 P11 24 14 P11 24.5 25 P11 23 36 P11 17.5 47 P11 17 58 P11 22 4 P11 24 15 P11 24 26 P11 23 37 P11 16.5 48 P11 17 59 P11 22 5 P11 23.5 16 P11 24 27 P11 23 38 P11 16.5 49 P11 22 60 P11 22 6 P11 23.5 17 P11 24 28 P11 23 39 P11 - 50 P11 22 61 P11 22 7 P11 24 18 P11 24 29 P11 23 40 P11 16.5 51 P11 22 62 P11 22 8 P11 - 19 P11 23.5 30 P11 18.5 41 P11 16.5 52 P11 22 63 P11 22 9 P11 24 20 P11 23.5 31 P11 18.5 42 P11 16.5 53 P11 22 64 P11 - 10 P11 24 21 P11 23.5 32 P11 18.5 43 P11 16.5 54 P11 22 11 P11 24 22 P11 23 33 P11 16.5 44 P11 16.5 55 P11 22 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to all scientific personnel who participated in the cruise, and to the crew of the RSV Aurora Australis. Thanks also to the Steering Committee of the RV Franklin for the loan of equipment. The work was supported by the Department of Environment, Sport and Territories through the CSIRO Climate Change Research Program, the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, and the Australian Antarctic Division. REFERENCES Millard, R.C. and Yang, K., 1993. CTD calibration and processing methods used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report No. 93-44. 96 pp. Rintoul, S.R. and Bullister, J.L. (in preparation). A late winter section between Tasmania and Antarctica: Circulation, transport and water mass formation. Ryan, T., 1993. Data Quality Manual for the data logged instrumentation aboard the RSV Aurora Australis. Australian Antarctic Division, unpublished manuscript. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- APPENDIX 1 CTD Instrument Calibrations Table A1.1: Calibration coefficients from pressure and platinum temperature sensor calibrations for the 2 CTD units used during RSV Aurora Australis cruise AU9309/AU9391. Note that for each station, the pressure calibration offset coefficients (i.e. pdcal1 and pucal1) are reset according to the surface pressure offset (see section A2.6.2, Appendix 2). Also note that temperature calibrations are for the ITS-90 scale. coefficient CTD unit 1 (serial 1073) CTD unit 4 (serial 1197) pressure calibration coefficients (after terminology of eqns A2.1 to A2.5, Appendix 2) pdcal1 -9.9636e-02 -8.3917 pdcal2 8.6203e-03 8.4561e-03 pdcal3 -1.3318e-05 -1.3702e-05 pdcal4 7.4695e-09 6.7540e-09 pdcal5 -1.6429e-12 -1.3336e-12 pdcal6 1.2231e-16 9.2391e-17 pucal1 -0.6203 -8.4082 pucal2 -2.6182e-03 -5.3668e-03 pucal3 -1.6092e-06 -3.1088e-06 pucal4 2.7248e-09 3.7279e-09 pucal5 -7.8409e-13 -9.6233e-13 pucal6 6.5036e-17 7.6358e-17 platinum temperature calibration coefficients (after terminology of eqn A2.6, Appendix 2) Tcal1 8.0015e-03 3.3504e-06 Tcal2 9.9952e-01 9.9966e-01 Table A1.2: Platinum temperature calibration data. All temperatures and corrections are determined in terms of the ITS-90 scale. The amount shown as the correction is the amount to be added to the CTD reading at that temperature. CTD unit 1 (serial 1073) date correction temperature 99% confidence interval 18/5/93 0.008°C 0.011°C 0.003°C 18/5/93 0.008°C 0.011°C 0.003°C 19/5/93 -0.005°C 26.862°C 0.005°C 19/5/93 -0.005°C 26.862°C 0.005°C CTD unit 4 (serial 1197) date correction temperature 99% confidence interval 11/92 0.000°C 0.010°C 0.003°C 11/92 -0.009°C 26.860°C 0.005°C (a) CTD unit 1 (serial no. 1073) (b) CTD unit 4 (serial no. 1197) Figure A1.1a* and b*: Pressure sensor calibration data, for down and upcast calibrations. In the figures, Delta-d is for downcast data, and Delta-u is for upcast data (calibrated August 1991). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ APPENDIX 2 CTD and Hydrology Data Processing and Calibration Techniques ABSTRACT Complete details are presented of the calibration and data processing techniques used to generate calibrated and quality controlled CTD 2 dbar-averaged data, and hydrology data. Attention is given to the order in which the various calculations and corrections are applied, as any variation will affect the final data values produced. A2.1 INTRODUCTION This Appendix details the data processing and calibration techniques employed in the production of the final CTD data set on shore. Logging of the data at sea is discussed in the main text. The different sections in this Appendix, and the description within each section, are ordered to match the steps in the data processing flow. Most of the data processing software is written in FORTRAN. Data sets for different cruises may vary in the specifications of the CTD (Tables 7 and 8 in the main text), and in the parameters generated. The generality of this description is retained so that it will be applicable to future data sets. Thus, the processing of a CTD raw data stream which includes pressure, temperature, conductivity, oxygen current, oxygen temperature, and additional digitiser channels (e.g. fluorescence, photosynthetically active radiation, etc.) (Table 8) is detailed here. For the cruise described in this report (AU9309/AU9391), no additional digitiser channels were active. For future cruise data sets, any variation in the processing and calibration techniques described here will be detailed in the data report attached to the data set. A2.2 DATA FILE TYPES The various data files used throughout the data calibration procedure on shore (and produced by it) are outlined below. A complete description of final calibrated data files is given in Appendix 4. A2.2.1 CTD data files Throughout this report, three types of CTD file are referred to: (i) raw CTD files, which contain the complete CTD data prior to removal of pressure reversals, and prior to averaging; note that a data scan refers to one complete data line containing all the logged parameters - thus the raw data is logged at N data scans per second, where N is the scanning frequency (Table 8); (ii) intermediate CTD files prior to 2 dbar averaging, despiked and with sensor lags applied, and with pressure reversals removed for downcast data; (iii) 2 dbar-averaged CTD files, which contain the CTD data averaged over 2 dbar bins. The CTD filenames are of the form vyyccusss.xxx:n (e.g. a93094046.raw:1) where v = vessel (e.g. "a" for Aurora Australis) yy = year (e.g. 93) cc = cruise number (e.g. 09) u = CTD unit number (i.e. instrument number) (e.g. 4) sss = station number (e.g. 046) xxx = file type (e.g. "raw" for raw data file) n = dip number (i.e. 1 for downcast data, 2 for upcast burst data) (does not apply to 2 dbar-averaged files) The various file suffixes (xxx in the above naming convention) are raw = raw data file cda = intermediate data file, which is the raw data file despiked and with pressure reversal removed, and with appropriate data lagging applied between parameters unc = uncalibrated 2 dbar-averaged file ave = calibrated (except for dissolved oxygen) 2 dbar-averaged file oxy = same as ave, but including the oxygen current derivative with respect to time (for the calibration of dissolved oxygen) all = final calibrated 2 dbar-averaged file (with or without dissolved oxygens) A2.2.2 Hydrology data files The final hydrology data file produced on shore contains the Niskin bottle data, output from the hydrology data processing program "HYDRO" (Appendix 3), merged with averages calculated from upcast CTD burst data. The file is named vyycc.bot (e.g. a9309.bot), where v, yy and cc are as above in the CTD file naming convention. During the CTD calibration procedure, intermediate hydrology data files are produced, named calib.dat:nn (e.g. 01), where "nn" is the version number. In general, the later version numbers are for more advanced stages in the quality control of Niskin bottle data. A2.2.3 Station information file This file contains station information, including position, time, depth etc. The file is named vyycc.sta (e.g. a9309.sta), where v, yy and cc are as above. A2.3 STATION HEADER INFORMATION Position: All station position information is derived from the quality controlled GPS underway measurement data set (Section 4.2, and Appendix 4). Bottom depth: On the Aurora Australis, bow thrusters are used to maintain station. Unfortunately, the turbulence caused by the thrusters interferes with the echo sounder readings, so that the digital output from the sounder is unusable while thrusters are engaged on station. Depths while on station (Table 2) are obtained by reading the echo sounder printout, and are entered manually to the CTD data logging PC at sea. The automatically logged underway depth measurements immediately before and after station (i.e. when the bow thrusters are not in operation) are later used to check the plausibility of the manually entered values. Times: All start and end times recorded in the header information are stamped automatically by the CTD data acquisition program at the start and end of CTD data logging. Times are derived from the internal clock on the logging PC; this clock is independent of the ship's main time log, but is checked prior to each station. Bottom times (i.e. time at the bottom of the CTD cast) are as recorded manually at the bottom of each cast during data logging. A2.4 CONVERTING SHIP-LOGGED RAW DATA FILES FOR SHORE-DATA PROCESSING For the CTD instruments used on the Aurora Australis, the raw binary data files (as logged by the PC system on board the ship) are fixed record length binary files consisting of data scans, length n bytes, arranged in records with a length of 129 bytes. The value of n is fixed for each CTD instrument (Table 8). The last byte of each 129 byte record is a record end byte. All further CTD data processing on shore is carried out on a Unix system. After transferring the files to the Unix system, the raw binary files are reformatted to generate Unix format unformatted files. During this conversion, the record length is checked by confirming the placement of the record end byte every 129 bytes. Occasionally a record is found with less than 129 bytes, due to missing bytes in the original data logging. For these cases, the records are padded out to 129 bytes using null bytes at the end of the record (prior to the record end byte). Up to 8 missing bytes in a record are allowed at this stage; if more bytes are missing from the record, the entire record is skipped and the bad record is noted (Table 10). Two files are generated during the conversion of the raw data files to Unix unformatted files: vyyccusss.raw:1 (also known as the "dip 1" file) e.g. a93091046.raw:1 vyyccusss.raw:2 (also known as the "dip 2" file) e.g. a93091046.raw:2 The dip 1 file contains the CTD data (uncalibrated), where only the downcast data has been preserved (down to the maximum pressure value recorded by the pressure sensor prior to the first Niskin bottle firing.) The dip 2 file contains CTD data bursts extracted from the upcast portion of the data at times corresponding to Niskin bottle firings. At each bottle firing, the 5 seconds of CTD data previous to the firing is stored in the dip 2 file. A2.5 PRODUCING THE DATA PROCESSING MASTER FILE A master file named "ctdmaster.sho" is created as a template from CTD header information. This file stores all data processing and calibration information, including station header details (e.g. positions, times, maximum pressure etc.), calibration coefficients, calibration status, and digitiser channel information. The master file is automatically updated by the data processing and calibration programs at all stages of the calibration procedure. A2.6 CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS The CTD pressure and temperature sensor calibration coefficients (Appendix 1) are written to the master file. The conductivity and dissolved oxygen sensors are calibrated entirely from cruise Niskin bottle data, thus final conductivity and dissolved oxygen calibration coefficients are not included till a later stage in the processing. Note that for pressure, temperature, conductivity, salinity and parameters for additional digitiser channels, all calculations (including application of calibration coefficients) are performed on the complete raw data prior to averaging into 2 dbar intervals. The calibration of dissolved oxygen data is performed on the 2 dbar averaged data only. A2.6.1 Surface pressure offset The point at which the CTD enters the water is found by identifying the first conductivity value greater than 10 mS/cm. The second data scan after this is then nominated as the first "in water" value. The value of the pressure for this scan is usually slightly greater than or less than zero, due both to atmospheric pressure variation, and to small calibration drift in the pressure sensor. The surface pressure offset value, equal to -1 times the pressure reading when the CTD enters the water, is retained for each station (Table 11), and each offset is added to all pressure values for the station. A2.6.2 Pressure calculation A fifth order polynomial fit is used for calibration of pressure data. Due to hysteresis in the pressure sensor response, a different polynomial is required for each of the two cases of pressure increasing and pressure decreasing (Appendix 1). Thus there are six pressure calibration coefficients for downcast data, and another six for upcast data. For downcast data, calibrated pressure p is given by p = p(ctd) + pdcal1 + pdcal2.p(ctd) + pdcal3.p(ctd)^2 + pdcal4.p(ctd)^3 + pdcal5.p(ctd)^4 + pdcal6.p(ctd)^5 (eqn A2.1) where pdcal1 to pdcal6 are the downcast pressure calibration coefficients, and p(ctd) is the raw pressure p(raw) output by the CTD and converted to approximate engineering units by p(ctd) = p(raw) / 10 (eqn A2.2) The CTD pressure is calibrated over the range 0 to 5515 dbar. No greater pressures were reached during the cruise. For casts that do not reach the maximum pressure of the calibration (i.e. 5515 dbar), a transition is required between the down and upcast pressure calibrations when calculating pressures from upcast data. This is achieved by applying an exponential decay "feathering" between the downcast and upcast calibration polynomials over the first 300 dbar of the upcast. Thus the upcast pressure data are calibrated as follows: p = p(ctd) + p2 + (p1 - p2) . exp[ - (p(max) - p(ctd)) / 300 ] (eqn A2.3) where p(max) is the maximum pressure in the cast, and where p1 = pdcal1 + pdcal2.p(ctd) + pdcal3.p(ctd)^2 + pdcal4.p(ctd)^3 + pdcal5.p(ctd)^4 + pdcal6.p(ctd)^5 (eqn A2.4) and p2 = pucal1 + pucal2.p(ctd) + pucal3.p(ctd)^2 + pucal4.p(ctd)^3 + pucal5.p(ctd)^4 + pucal6.p(ctd)^5 (eqn A2.5) for upcast pressure calibration coefficients pucal1 to pucal6. Note that pucal1 = pdcal1 = surface pressure offset. A2.6.3 Temperature calculation CTD temperature values are in terms of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). A linear fit is used for calibration of the temperature data, as follows: T = Tcal1 + Tcal2 . T(ctd) (eqn A2.6) where T is the calibrated temperature, Tcal1 and Tcal2 are temperature calibration coefficients (Appendix 1), and T(ctd) is the raw temperature T(raw) output by the CTD and converted to approximate engineering units by T(ctd) = T(raw) / 2000 (eqn A2.7) When conversion of temperature as ITS-90 to temperature expressed on the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) is required (e.g. for salinity PSS-78 calculation), the following conversion factors are used (Saunders, 1990): T(68) = 1.00024 T(90) (eqn A2.8) T(90) = 0.99976 T(68) (eqn A2.9) A2.6.4 Conductivity cell deformation correction Conductivity cell geometry is effected by temperature and pressure. The correction applied for this cell deformation is c = g(ctd) . [1 - 6.5e^-6 (T - 15) + 1.5e^-8 (p / 3)] (eqn A2.10) for conductivity c, calibrated temperature and pressure T and p respectively, and where g(ctd) is the raw conductance g(raw) as measured by the CTD and converted to approximate engineering units by g(ctd) = g(raw) / 1000 (eqn A2.11) A2.6.5 Salinity calculation Salinity is calculated from the conductivity, temperature and pressure using the practical salinity scale of 1978 (PSS-78), via the algorithm SAL78 (Fofonoff and Millard, 1983). Note that temperatures expressed on the ITS-90 scale must first be converted to IPTS-68 temperatures (eqn A2.8) for input into the salinity PSS-78 routine. A2.6.6 Oxygen current and oxygen temperature conversion The raw oxygen current and oxygen temperature, o(craw) and o(traw) respectively as measured by the CTD, are converted to o(cctd) and o(tctd) in approximate engineering units by O(cctd) = o(craw) / 2000 (eqn A2.12) O(tctd) = o(traw) / 2000 (eqn A2.13) Calibration of the dissolved oxygen using these parameters is performed on 2 dbar averages only. A2.6.7 Additional digitiser channel parameters Manufacturer supplied polynomial fit coefficients are applied to digitiser channel parameters. No further calibration is applied to these values. A2.7 CREATION OF INTERMEDIATE CTD FILES, AND AUTOMATIC QUALITY FLA