ࡱ> 5@ bjbj22 2XX hhhhhhh|8Lh|40:jjjjIXl 83333333$6R84hEI4hhjj.4bbb hjhj3b3b"b#hh$j$ s^#w%|L4<4#`9 `9$$||hhhh`9h$E# b/EEE44||dGR||AWS02-I (Polar Star) Data Documentation 15 July to 13 August 2002 Dutch Harbor, Alaska to Barrow, Alaska Dr. James Swift (PI) Scripps Institution of Oceanography Oceanographic Data Facility 9500 Gilman Rd. MC 0214 La Jolla, CA 92093-0214 858.534.3387 phone jswift@ucsd.edu Dr. Louis Codispoti, (PI) Horn Point Laboratory PO Box 775 2020 Horn Pt. Rd. Cambridge, MD 21613 410.221.8479 phone  HYPERLINK "mailto:codispot@hpl.umces.edu" codispot@hpl.umces.edu On-board team: Aaron Morello, Jim Schmitt, Sarah Zimmermann Shore support: Susan Becker, Kristin Sanborn, Daniel Schuller Funded by National Science Foundation OPP0125399 Description of CTD operations and sampling equipment is provided in Appendix B; Dr. Robert Pickarts AWS-02 Phase I, SBI, July 15 August 13, 2002 CTD Data Summary. Salinity There were 506 salinity samples analyzed. Equipment and Techniques Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml high alumina borosilicate bottles, which were rinsed three times with sample prior to filling. The bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps This container provides very low container dissolution and sample evaporation. A Guildline Autosal 8400A #57-396, standardized with IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) batch P-140, was used to measure the salinities. Prior to the analyses, the samples were stored to permit equilibration to laboratory temperature, usually 8-20 hours. The salinometer was modified by Shipboard Technical Support/Oceanographic Data Facility (STS/ODF) and contained an interface for computer-aided measurement. The salinometer was standardized with a fresh vial of standard seawater at the beginning and end of the run. The SSW vial at the end of the run was used as an unknown to check for drift. The salinometer cell was flushed until two successive readings met software criteria for consistency; these were then averaged for a final result. The estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than 0.002 PSU relative to the particular standard seawater batch used. Laboratory Temperature The temperature stability in the salinometer laboratory was poor. Nutrients There were 501 nutrient samples analyzed. Equipment and Techniques Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate+nitrite, and nitrite) were performed on an ODF-modified 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within a few hours after sample collection. Occasionally samples were refrigerated for longer periods. The analog outputs from each of the four channels were digitized and logged automatically by computer (PC) at 2-second intervals. Protocols, in general, followed procedures outlined for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment by Gordon et al. (1993). These protocols allow for standardizing using techniques that require strict linearity or for techniques that can deal with any non-linearity in calibration curves. We use the latter approach and correct for non-linearity using polynomial equations when appropriate. We also do not correct for carryover, but instead minimize this source by appropriate design of the flow characteristics of our system and by running samples in order of depth whenever possible. Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al., (Armstrong, 1967). The sample was passed through a 15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 660nm. A modification of the Armstrong et al. (Armstrong 1967) procedure was used for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For the nitrate plus nitrite analysis, the seawater sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was quantitatively reduced to nitrite. The stream was then passed through a 15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540nm. The same technique was employed for nitrite analysis, except that the cadmium column was bypassed, and a 50mm flowcell was used for measurement. Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms (Bernhardt 1967.) technique. The reaction product was heated to ~55C to enhance color development, then passed through a 50mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 820m. Nutrient Standards The silicate (Na2SiF6) and nitrite (NaNO2) primary standards were obtained from Johnson Matthey Companys Aesar Division and the supplier reported purities of >98% and 97% respectively. Primary standards for nitrate (KNO3) and phosphate (KH2PO4) were obtained from Fisher Scientific and the supplier reported purities of 99.999%. Sampling and Data Processing Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml polypropylene, screw-capped oak-ridge type centrifuge tubes. The tubes were cleaned with 10% HCl and rinsed with sample three times before filling. Standardizations were performed at the beginning and end of each group of analyses (typically 5-40 samples) with an intermediate concentration mixed nutrient standard prepared prior to each run from a secondary standard in a low-nutrient seawater matrix. The secondary standards were prepared aboard ship by dilution from primary standard solutions. Dry standards were pre-weighed at the laboratory at ODF, and transported to the vessel for dilution to the primary standard. Sets of 6-7 different standard concentrations covering the range of sample concentrations were analyzed periodically to determine the deviation from linearity, if any, as a function of concentration for each nutrient analysis. A correction for non-linearity was applied to the final nutrient concentrations when necessary. There were some errors in the original calculations preformed on the ship. The raw data files were reprocessed at ODF after the cruise. The original data files were processed to produce other files containing response factors, baseline values, and absorbances. Concentrations were then calculated and any non-linear corrections applied. Computer-produced absorbance readings were checked for accuracy against values taken from a strip chart recording, which is produced simultaneously with the computer. Nutrients, when reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm pressure (0 db), in situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25C. Data Quality Notes General Comments: The initial nutrient (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate) data reported from this cruise contained significant errors. This version (July 2003) of the data should be free from major errors. Users are encouraged to report any suspicious values to Lou Codispoti ( HYPERLINK "mailto:codispoti@hpl.umces.edu" codispoti@hpl.umces.edu). Users should also be aware that as noted in the initial cruise report, bottle flushing was a problem during this cruise, and apparent depth offsets between bottle and CTD salinities could, at times, be on the order of 10 m. A comparison of companion CTD and bottle salinities can help to assess the effects of insufficient flushing. The user should also be aware that rosette tripping problems also arose during this cruise, and that ship effects may impact data from the upper ~10 m of the water column. Further comments on data quality are available the chief scientists (Dr. R. Pickarts, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) CTD data summary report for this cruise. Post cruise editing of the nutrient data from this cruise consisted of: The entire original nutrient data suite were thoroughly re-examined, edited and recalculated by ODF personnel (primarily Susan Becker). This editing process included a major revision of the original silicate concentrations due to an initial calculation error. Upon completion of this re-calculation and re-editing of the data, Lou Codispoti examined the corrected data and with the help of Susan Becker, and made some additional corrections. His examination consisted of reviewing the cruise notes written by the onboard nutrient analyst, a review and edit of the strip chart peaks, examination of the calibration factors and index of refraction corrections, a review of the tabular data, comparison of the tabular nutrient data from this cruise with data collected during the second SBI 2002 process cruise (HLY 02-03), and calculation of the parameter N* (Gruber and Sarmiento, 1997). A listing of the changes to the data arising from SB and LCs editing is given later in this report. We believe that this version of the Polar Star nutrient data per se is generally free of major errors and should prove useful to SBI PIs. For example, deep (~750 db and deeper) nutrient values compare reasonably well with data collected on the Healy, the range of nutrient values seems reasonable, and calculations of the parameter N* (Gruber and Sarmiento, 1997) appeared to yield reasonable results. These data are not, however, of the quality of the nutrient data collected from the Healy during the SBI 2002 process cruises. In part, this is because, during the Polar Star cruise, bottle flushing was a problem whereas we took special precautions on the Healy to promote bottle flushing. Given the high degree of hydrographic and ecosystem stratification that can occur in the upper layers of Arctic waters during the seasons when ice is melting, the bottle flushing issue could prove to be significant in some cases. In addition, manpower limitations during the Polar Star cruise did not allow for the same level of shipboard QA/QC, and it is possible that some minor systematic errors still exist in the Polar Star data. Specific corrections/problems: The nitrite refractive index correction of 0.018 was used for all stations. STATIONBOTTLECOMMENTS00304 (run id = 00101) all data questionable and not included.0163-6 and 9 (run ids = 00301 and 00401) nitrite lost. Samples were rerun and all the rerun data looked ok. The rerun data was reported for all nutrients.01502 (run id = 00301) nitrate value looks low but peak height was low.02003-06Shipboard processors assigned the bottle salinities incorrectly. Suspect that the surface bottle, 06, was not drawn and 03 was drawn. Corrected assignment for 03-06.027 (run ids =00901 and 01001) there was a problem with nitrite in the original run so all samples were re-run. The phosphate, silicate and nitrite plus nitrate data compared reasonable well with the first run. 028There was some confusion because there was a missing nutrient level. According to the run sheet the surface nutrient was missing. The data did not agree with this and it was assumed the missing level was the deep sample. All the values were shifted up one level.046 06(run id = 04201) nitrite value lost, nitrate value reported is nitrate plus nitrite.049-052 (run id = 04901) the nitrate response factor changed over the course of the run but everything else looks ok. The data are somewhat questionable.053 03 and 04 bottle salt value needs checking. Appears to have been switched with bottle 03. Values have been corrected. 063 08 (run id = 06201) phosphate value lost.067 04 (run id = 06601) nitrite lost and nitrate is actually nitrate plus nitrite.06803 and 04(run id = 06601) nitrite lost and nitrate is actually nitrate plus nitrite. Data Distribution The data discussed here can be obtained through the NCAR/Earth Observing Laboratory (formerly JOSS [Joint Office for Science Support/UCAR]) website, http:// HYPERLINK "http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/" www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi and the CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office website, http://cchdo.ucsd.edu. The data are reported using the WHP-Exchange (WOCE Hydrographic Program) format and the quality coding follows those outlined by the WOCE program (Joyce, 1994). General rules for WHP-exchange data files: Each line must end with a carriage return or end-of-line. With the exception of the file type line, lines starting with a "#" character, or including and following a line which reads "END_DATA", each line in the file must have exactly the same number of commas as do all other lines in that file. The name of a quality flag always begins with the name of the parameter with which it is associated, followed by an underscore character, followed by "FLAG", followed by an underscore, and then followed by an alphanumeric character, W. The "missing value" for a data value is always defined as -999, but written in the decimal place format of the parameter in question. For example, a missing salinity would be written -999.0000 or a missing phosphate -999.00. The first four characters of the EXPOCODE are the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) country-ship code, then followed by up to an 8 characters expedition name of cruise number, i.e. 32PZAWS02I. CTD Data CTD data was acquired and processed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Pickard group. A detailed description of their methods can be found in Appendix B, CTD Data Summary. WHOI CTD files were reformatted by the Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF) to comply with WHP-Exchange format standards. WHP-Exchange formatted CTD data is located in file 32PZAWS02I_ct1.zip. This file contains ssscc_ct1.csv files for each station and cast where sss=3 digit station identifier and cc=2 digit cast identifier. Description of ssscc_ct1.csv file layout. 1st lineFile type, here CTD, followed by a comma and a DATE_TIME stamp YYYYMMDDdivINSwho YYYY 4 digit year MM 2 digit month DD 2 digit day div division of Institution INS Institution name who initials of responsible person # linesA file may include 0-N optional lines at the start of a data file, each beginning with a "#" character and each ending with carriage return or end-of-line. Information relevant to file change/update history may be included here, for example.2nd lineNUMBER_HEADERS = n (n = 10 in this table and the example_ct1.csv file.)3rd lineEXPOCODE = [expocode] The expedition code, assigned by the user.4th lineSECT_ID = [section] The SBI station specification. Optional.5th lineSTNNBR = [station] The originator's station number6th lineCASTNO = [cast] The originator's cast number7th lineDATE = [date] Cast date in YYYYMMDD integer format.8th lineTIME = [time] Cast time that CTD was at the deepest sampling point.9th lineLATITUDE = [latitude] Latitude as SDD.dddd where "S" is sign (blank or missing is positive), DD are degrees, and dddd are decimal degrees. Sign is positive in northern hemisphere, negative in southern hemisphere10th lineLONGITUDE = [longitude] Longitude as SDDD.dddd where "S" is sign (blank or missing is positive), DDD are degrees, and dddd are decimal degrees. Sign is positive for "east" longitude, negative for "west" longitude11th lineDEPTH = [bottom] Reported depth to bottom. Preferred units are "meters" and should be specified in Line 2. In general, corrected depths are preferred to uncorrected depths. Documentation accompanying data includes notes on methodology of correction. Optional.next lineParameter headings.next lineUnits.data linesA single _ct1.csv CTD data file will normally contain data lines for one CTD cast.END_DATAThe line after the last data line must read END_DATA, and be followed by a carriage return or end of line.other linesUsers may include any information they wish in 0-N optional lines at the end of a data file, after the END_DATA line.Parameter names, units, format, and comments ParameterUnitsFormatCommentsCTDPRSDBF7.1CTD pressure, decibarsCTDPRS_FLAG_WI1CTDPRS quality flagCTDTMPITS-90 F8.3CTD temperature, degrees C (ITS-90)CTDTMP_FLAG_W I1CTDTMP quality flagCTDTMP2ITS-90 F8.3CTD temperature from secondary sensor, degrees C (ITS-90)CTDTMP2_FLAG_W I1CTDTMP2 quality flagCTDSALF8.3CTD salinity CTDSAL_FLAG_W I1CTDSAL quality flagCTDSAL2F8.3CTD salinity from secondary sensorCTDSAL2_FLAG_W I1CTDSAL2 quality flagFLUORMG/LF5.4Fluorometer, microgram per LiterFLUOR_FLAG_WI1FLUOR quality flagTURBITYVOLTSF5.4Turbidity, voltsTURBITY_W_FLAGTURBITY quality flagQuality Flags CTD data quality flags were assigned to the CTDTMP (CTD temperature), CTDSAL (CTD salinity) and XMISS (Transmissivity) parameters as follows: Acceptable measurement. Questionable measurement. The data did not fit the station profile or adjacent station comparisons (or possibly bottle data comparisons). The data could be acceptable, but are open to interpretation. Bad measurement. The CTD data were determined to be unusable. Not reported. The CTD data could not be reported, typically when CTD salinity is flagged 3 or 4. Not sampled. No operational sensor was present on this cast WHP CTD data quality flags were assigned to the FLUOR (Fluorometer) and TURBITY (Turbidity) parameters as follows: Not calibrated. Data are uncalibrated. Not sampled. No operational sensor was present on this cast. Either the sensor cover was left on or the depth rating necessitated removal. Description of 32PZAWS02.1_hy1.csv file layout. 1st lineFile type, here BOTTLE, followed by a comma and a DATE_TIME stamp YYYYMMDDdivINSwhoYYYY 4 digit year MM 2 digit month DD 2 digit day div division of Institution INS Institution name who initials of responsible person example: 20000711WHPSIOSCD #linesA file may include 0-N optional lines, typically at the start of a data file, but after the file type line, each beginning with a "#" character and each ending with carriage return or end-of-line. Information relevant to file change/update history of the file itself may be included here, for example.2nd lineColumn headings. 3rd lineUnits. Data linesAs many data lines may be included in a single file as is convenient for the user, with the proviso that the number and order of parameters, parameter order, headings, units, and commas remain absolutely consistent throughout a single file. END_DATAThe line after the last data line must read END_DATA.other linesUsers may include any information they wish in 0-N optional lines at the end of a data file, after the END_DATA line.Header columns ParameterFormatDescription notesEXPOCODEA12The expedition code, assigned by the user. SECT_IDA7The SBI station specification. Optional.STNNBRA6The originator's station number. CASTNOI3The originator's cast number. BTLNBRA7The bottle identification number.BTLNBR_FLAG_W I1BTLNBR quality flag.DATEI8Cast date in YYYYMMDD integer format. TIMEI4Cast time (UT) as HHMMLATITUDEF8.4Latitude as SDD.dddd where "S" is sign (blank or missing is positive), DD are degrees, and dddd are decimal degrees. Sign is positive in northern hemisphere, negative in southern hemisphereLONGITUDEF9.4Longitude as SDDD.dddd where "S" is sign (blank or missing is positive), DDD are degrees, and dddd are decimal degrees. Sign is positive for "east" longitude, negative for "west" longitudeDEPTHI5Reported depth to bottom. Preferred units are "meters" and should be specified in Line 2. In general, corrected depths are preferred to uncorrected depths. Documentation accompanying data includes notes on methodology of correction. Optional. Parameter names, units, and comments: ParameterUnitsFormatCommentsCTDPRSDBF9.1CTD pressure, decibarsCTDPRS_FLAG_WI1CTDPRS quality flagSAMPNOA7Cast number *100+BTLNBR. OptionalCTDTMPITS-90 F9.4CTD temperature, degrees C, (ITS-90)CTDTMP_FLAG_W I1CTDTMP quality flagCTDCONDMS/CM F9.4CTD Conductivity, milliSiemens/centimeterCTDCOND_FLAG_W I1CTDCOND quality flagCTDSALF9.4CTD salinity CTDSAL_FLAG_W I1CTDSAL quality flagSALNTYF9.4bottle salinitySALNTY_FLAG_WI1SALNTY quality flagSIGMATHETAF9.4Sigma ThetaSIGMA_FLAG_WI1Sigma Theta quality flagSILCATUMOL/KGF9.2SILICATE, micromoles/kilogram SILCAT_FLAG_WI1SILCAT quality flagSILCATUMOL/LF9.2SILCATE, micromoles/literSILCAT_FLAG_WI1SILCAT quality flagNITRATUMOL/KGF9.2NITRATE, micromoles/kilogram NITRAT_FLAG_WI1NITRAT quality flagNITRATUMOL/LF9.2NITRATE, micromoles/literNITRAT_FLAG_WI1NITRAT quality flagNITRITUMOL/KGF9.2NITRITE, micromoles/kilogram NITRIT_FLAG_WI1NITRIT quality flagNITRITUMOL/LF9.2NITRITE, micromoles/literNITRIT_FLAG_WI1NITRIT quality flagPHSPHTUMOL/KGF9.2PHOSPHATE, micromoles/kilogramPHSPHT_FLAG_WI1PHSPHT quality flagPHSPHTUMOL/LF9.2PHOSPHATE, micromoles/literPHSPHT_FLAG_WI1PHSPHT quality flagBTL_LATF8.4Latitude at time of bottle trip, decimal degreesBTL_LONGF9.4Longitude at time of bottle trip, decimal degreesJULIAN F8.4Julian day and time as fraction of day of the bottle trip.Quality Codes The WHP quality codes for the water bottle itself are: 1Bottle information unavailable.2No problems noted.3Leaking.4Did not trip correctly.5Not reported.9Samples not drawn from this bottle. The WHP bottle parameter data quality codes are: 1Sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle but analysis not received. Should be received at a later date. 2Acceptable measurement.3Questionable measurement.4Bad measurement.5Not reported.9Sample not drawn for this measurement from this bottle. References Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, D. H., The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment, Deep-Sea Research, 14, pp. 381-389, (1967). Bernhardt, Wilhelms A., The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer, Technicon Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967). Gordon, L.I., Jennings, J.C., Ross, A.A. and J.M. Krest, A Suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study, WOCE Hydrographic Programs Office, Methods Manual WHPO 91-1 (1993). Gruber, N. and J. L. Sarmiento. (1997). Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 11:235-266. Joyce, T. ed., and Corry, C. ed., Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting, Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91 3.1, pp. 52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA (May 1994, Rev. 2), UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT APPENDIX A: Bottle Quality Comments Remarks for deleted samples, missing samples, PI data comments, and WOCE codes other than 2 fromUSCGC Polar Star, AWS02.1. Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of ODFs investigations are included in this report. Investigation of data may include comparison of bottle salinity and oxygen data with CTD data, review of data plots of the station profile and adjoining stations, and rereading of charts (i.e. nutrients). Units stated in these comments are degrees Celsius for temperature, Practical Salinity Units for salinity, and unless otherwise noted, milliliters per liter for oxygen and micromoles per liter for Silicate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Urea and Ammonium, if appropriate. The first number before the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR). Station 003.001 104 All nutrient data are questionable and are not included. Footnote silicate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate not reported. Station 005.001 101-102 Shipboard: "Bottle vents not closed, samples not taken." Station 010.001 101 Suspect no nutrient samples drawn. No sample log to confirm. 102 Shipboard: "One bottle tripped on the fly, sample not taken." Shorebased processor found nutrient sample drawn from this bottle. No salinity sample. Station 016.001 107-108 Shipboard: "Bottles compromised, samples not taken." Cast 1 Nutrients: "Samples were rerun; rerun data looks good for all samples." Station 020.001 103 Shipboard: "One bottle (salinity) with no sample." Station 023.001 108 Itappears that salinity was not drawn. Cast 1 Shipboard: "8 tags, 7 bottles, dont know which bottle is missing." Station 025.001 101 Suspect no samples drawn. No sample log to confirm. 102 Suspect no samples drawn. No sample log to confirm. 103 Suspect no samples drawn. No sample log to confirm. 105 Suspect no samples drawn. No sample log to confirm. Station 027.001 101 NO2data not reported due to autoanalyzer error. 102 NO2data not reported due to autoanalyzer error. Cast 1 Nutrients: Problem with nitrite in the original run, so all samples were re-run. The phospahte, silicate and nitrite plus nitrite data compared reasonably will with the first run. Data from the second run was reported for all nutrients. Shipboard: "Bottle from last station is really from this station." Not certain what this comment refers to, suspect salinity. Station 028.001 101 Nutrients: there was some confusion because there was a missing nutrient level. According to the run sheet the surface nutrient was missing. The data did not agree with this and it was assumed the missing level was the deep sample. All the values were shifted up one level. Nutrients were not drawn. 110 Shipboard: "Air vent not tight." Salinity was not drawn, but nutrients were drawn and appear acceptable. 114 Shipboard: "Salinity sample missing." Footnote salinity not drawn. Cast 1 Shipboard: "At 260db the package was relowered to 380db and then raised again. The bottle below 250db may have leaked due to compression during lowering." Station 030.001 114 Shipboard: "Salinity sample missing." Station 031.001 115-120 Shipboard: "Salinity samples accidentally dumped." Station 046.001 106 Nutrients: Nitrite value lost, nitrate value reported is nitrate plus nitrite. Station 049.001 101-105 Nutrients: The nitrate response factor changed over the course of the run, Stations 049-052, but everything else looks okay. The data are somewhat questionable. Code nitrate questionable. Station 050.001 101-106 Nutrients: The nitrate response factor changed over the course of the run, Stations 049-052, but everything else looks okay. The data are somewhat questionable. Code nitrate questionable. Station 051.001 101-104 Nutrients: The nitrate response factor changed over the course of the run, Stations 049-052, but everything else looks okay. The data are somewhat questionable. Code nitrate questionable. Station 052.001 101-106 Nutrients: The nitrate response factor changed over the course of the run, Stations 049-052, but everything else looks okay. The data are somewhat questionable. Code nitrate questionable. Station 053.001 103-104 Salinities appear to be switched, changed the data. Station 063.001 108 Phosphate value lost. Station 067.001 104 Nutrients: Nitrite value lost, nitrate value reported is nitrate plus nitrite. Station 068.001 103-104 Nutrients: Nitrite value lost, nitrate value reported is nitrate plus nitrite. APPENDIX B: AWS-02 Phase I, SBI, July 15 August 13, 2002CTD Data Summary Contents 1. Introduction 2. Station List 3. Data Files 4. CTD Package 5. Data Acquisition and Processing Procedure 6. Processing Water Samples 7. CTD Sensor Accuracy 8. Data Issues 8.1. Bottle Flushing 8.2. Bottle Salinity Quality 8.3. Nutrient Data 8.4. Data Spikes at High Winch Speeds 8.5. Rosette Water Sampler Malfunction 9. Data Quality 9.1. Uncontrolled 9.2. Density Inversions 9.3. Data Spikes 10. Combining Nutrient Water Samples with CTD Data 11. XCTD 12. Individual Station Notes 13. Individual Station Notes on Bottle Specific Issues 1. Introduction This report describes the hydrographic sampling program carried out on the 2002 Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) mooring cruise. SBI is a multi-institutional, inter-disciplinary program studying the manner in which the shelves and open Arctic communicate with each other, and how this might be influenced by climate variability. The cruise took place from 15 July13 August on the USCGC Polar Star. The chief scientist was Tom Weingartner of the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). The co-PI was Robert Pickart of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), who was in charge of the hydrographic operations. The instrumentation (CTDs, water sampler, frame, bottles) was provided by the Polar Star. Processing of the CTD data was carried out by WHOI, and nutrients were done by the University of Washington (UW), both under subcontract from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The water sample salinity program was carried out by SIO. Additionally there was a WHOI lowered ADCP program (not described in this report). In total, 90 CTD casts were completed comprising 6 cross-sections within the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas (Figure 1). Most of the sections crossed the outer shelf / upper slope with a station resolution of 5 km (occasionally XCTDs were used to increase the resolution). This data set represents the first such high-resolution survey of this portion of the western Arctic Ocean. The Seabird 911+ system delivered high quality data and, except for a few stations, required only basic processing. Pre- and post-cruise calibrations, dual sensor comparisons and bottle salinity calibrations were used to determine the accuracy of the temperature and salinity. Except for the very fresh water, the sensors met or exceeded the stated accuracy for the instrument. The temperature accuracy was 0.001 C and the salinity accuracy was 0.002 in the saltier water (34.8) to 0.007 in the fresh water (30). High salinity gradients and poor bottle flushing prevented calibration with bottle salinities of the fresher water but the saltier water calibrations showed the CTD sensors were very stable and required no adjustments to the pre-cruise calibration. CTD and bottle salinity comparisons show poor bottle flushing resulted in water samples with up to 10m depth displacement. This should be taken into account when using the bottle data. No bottle data exist for the aborted station 24. Nutrient analyses was skipped for stations 26 and 29 to balance spatial resolution and time constraints of analyses. Stations 69 to 90 are without bottle data due to a major technical problem with the water sampler. Because we were near the end of the cruise, the ship's alternate water sampler was not installed in order to save time for the additional CTD casts. 2. Station List Station Numbers Section Comments Stations 1-2 Tests Stations 3-8 Section 1 Chukchi Sea Stations 9-23 Section 2 West Chukchi Slope Stations 24 Aborted cast Stations 25-39 Section 3 East Beaufort Slope XCTD 1-8 Section 3 XCTDs between CTDs XCTD 9-21 Section 3a Adjacent to Section 3 Stations 40-41 Section 3a Extention of XCTD line Prior to Station 42 Wire Retermination Stations 42-52 Section 4 Barrow Canyon Head Stations 53-66 Section 5 East Chukchi Slope XCTD Section 5 XCTDs between CTDs Stations 67-90 Section 6 Barrow Canyon Mouth Figure 1 shows the locations of the CTD stations. 3. Data Files For the cruise there is one summary file of the time and location of all the CTD and XCTD casts, and mooring deployments. Per station there are three files, a 1 db averaged downtrace file, a 1 db averaged uptrace file, and a bottle file containing the water sample information. Bottle files include water sample salinity, nutrients and uptrace CTD data. sbisum_master.txt Event summary of all CTD, XCTD, and moorings. sbi020##.dcc 1db averaged downtrace CTD file per station sbi020##.ucc 1db averaged uptrace CTD file per station sbi020##.nut Bottle data per station C3_000##.edf XCTD data, 1 file per XCTD station 4. CTD Package A Seabird 911+ CTD system was used with two temperature sensors, two conductivity sensors, and a Benthos PSA900d altimeter set for a 30m range. There were two water pumps, one for each temperature-conductivity sensor pair. In addition, a Wetlab's light scattering sensor to measure turbidity (stations 9 to 90) and a Seapoint chlorophyll fluorometer (stations 24 to 90) were attached to the Seabird underwater unit. The underwater unit was connected to a 24 position water sampler with 10-liter bottles. Separate from the CTD system but also mounted on the CTD frame, were upward and downward looking LADCPs and their common battery pack. Serial Number of Sensors: Pressure: 57473 in CTD 09P12377-0416 Temperature Primary: 2015 Conductivity Primary: 1549 Temperature Secondary: 2498 Conductivity Secondary: 1115 Altimeter: Benthos (ex. Datasonics) PSA 900d specially set to 0-5v. We set dipswitches to have 30m range. Altimeter height = [(300* voltage/scale factor) + offset], where scale factor = full scale voltage * 300/full scale range. Here full scale voltage = 5v and full scale range = 30m so scale factor of 50 was used. Light Scattering Sensor: Wetlab. Recording voltage. Deck test measured 0.3 with no blockage and 5V with a hand in front of it. The sensor was added to the CTD at Station 9. Fluorometer: Seapoint Chorophyll Fluorometer with 10x cable. Sensitivity is 0.33 V/ug/l and Range is 15 ug/l. [Concentration = (V*30/gain) + offset] where gain = 10 and offset = 0. Added at Station 24. 5. Data Acquisition and Processing Procedure Operationally, after the CTD was brought out of the hanger to the launching deck it was powered on and data acquisition begun. The CTD was lowered to 5m and after the water pumps activated the CTD was brought back to the near-surface and then lowered at 30m/minute. After reaching a depth of over 150m the speed was increased to 60m/minute. The CTD was brought within 1-2m of the sea-floor if conditions were suitable for a near bottom approach. After closing a bottle, the package was raised to the surface with a variable number of stops for bottle closures along the way. Nutrients and salinity were sampled from the bottles. The data acquisition was ended after the CTD package was brought back on deck. The data collection started and ended with the CTD out of the water so that CTD and LADCP records could be combined based on the times the sensors entered and exited the water. The 24Hz CTD data were collected in real time though the conducting sea-cable, modified through the deck unit and output to a PC computer. Seabird software running under Microsoft Windows ( Seasoft-Win32 v.5.18 for stations 1 to 24 and Seasoft-Win32 v.5.24 for stations 25 to 90) was used for acquisition. Data were transferred through the ship's network to a second PC for post-station processing. Seabird's DOS based processing software, Seasoft v.4.249 was used for batch processing files from the single scan binary data to 1 db averaged ascii files. The standard processing steps were: sensor alignment through advancing conductivity; spike removal; a correction for the thermal mass of the temperature sensors; filtering; removal of pressure reversals; averaging to 1 db levels; calculation of derived properties; and finally the file separation between downcast and upcast. Starting and ending surface pressures were recorded to monitor pressure sensor drift. In addition, time based, 1 second averaged ascii files were output for use in LADCP data processing. Following the Seabird processing steps the data were brought into Matlab, which allowed for further computation and data visualization. With multiple programs centered around WHOI software written by Deborah West-Mac, both CTD 1dbar averaged files and water sample salinity data were imported, plotted, remaining spikes catalogued and removed using linear interpolation, CTD salinity calibrated to the bottle salinities and any particular data quality or station problem addressed. Corrections for temperature sensor drift, determined from the drift between previous laboratory calibrations, can also be applied with this software. In this case both sensors received no such correction because the trend was not trustworthy for one sensor, and in the other the value was near zero. The final output of this program were 1 db calibrated files which were put back onto the ship's network for use among the science party. After the cruise, two more finishing steps were implemented. First, remaining density inversions were removed. Secondly, the water sample nutrient and salinity data were merged with CTD data from the bottle stops into bottle files (*.nut). Due to the nonstandard format of the nutrient data, special procedures, described below, were used to merge the data. 6. Processing Water Samples Phosphate, Nitrate, Silicate, and Nitrite were collected for all stations except 1 and 2 (test stations), 24, 26, 29 and 69-90(no bottles). These nutrients were analyzed on board by the UW group, who produced listings of the measured values at the nominal depths recorded as bottles were fired during the CTD cast. Salinities were collected for all stations except 1 and 2 (test stations), 24 and 69-90. The salt samples were analyzed on board by the SIO group using a Guildline Autosalinometer. Temperature drift in the autosalinometer water bath was corrected for, based on standard samples run at the start and end of each tray of salt samples. The salts were listed by Niskin bottle number in one file per station (*.sal). 7. CTD Sensor Accuracy The manufacturer's specified CTD sensor accuracy is 0.003mS/cm for conductivity, 0.001 C for temperature and 0.015% of the full scale for pressure. The CTD sensors received laboratory calibrations in May 2002, prior to the cruise which were applied during the data processing. In addition to bottle salinity comparisons the dual sensors were compared at sea to investigate any sensor drift. After the cruise, laboratory calibrations were performed, between October and December, 2002. The post cruise calibrations were not applied to the data but used to show the small amount of drift in the sensors and verify that no additional corrections were needed. We found the temperature accuracy was better than 0.001 C, conductivity ranged from 0.001 mS/cm at higher conductivity (29 mS/cm) and based on sensor differences was 0.004 mS/cm at lower (below 25 mS/cm) conductivity. Consistent with the combined temperature and conductivity accuracy, the higher salinity (34.8) was better than 0.002 based on bottle calibrations and the lower salinity (below 34.5) showed sensor differences of 0.007. Pre- and post-cruise calibrations show both temperature sensors were very stable with less than 0.001C shift between calibrations. The primary temperature changed 0.0003C and the secondary temperature changed 0.0008C. The changes are even less if only the calibration points between -2 to 6 C, the temperature range of the data, are examined. The difference between the sensors is in agreement with the difference found by comparing station data during the cruise, less than 0.001C. The sensors' drifts are less than the stated accuracy of the sensors and no adjustments needed to be made to the data. The conductivity sensors were also quite stable from the pre- to post-cruise calibrations. The primary conductivity increased 0.002 mS/cm and the secondary conductivity decreased 0.0004 mS/cm. 'Increased' here means the pre-cruise calibration was reading too high by the time of the post-cruise calibration. Examining the calibration points between 20 and 32 mS/cm, the range of the data, show the primary conductivity increased by only 0.001 mS/cm and the secondary sensor did not change. These results are consistent with the at-sea sensor comparisons for the higher conductivity, a 0.001 mS/cm difference in water over 29 mS/cm; however, the larger sensor difference of 0.004 mS/cm in water with lower conductivity, below 25 mS/cm, is not seen in the calibration data. This may be due to the lack of calibration points for the lower conductivity water which skip from 0 to 28 mS/cm. The CTD salinity differences between primary and secondary sensors result from a combination of the temperature and conductivity differences. The differences were 0.002 in the saltier water (34.8-34.9) and up to 0.007 in the fresh waters (30). The water sample salinities from the bottles in the saline (34.8-34.9) homogenous Atlantic Layer show the 0.002 difference in the 34.8-34.9 range is due to the primary sensors salinity reading +0.0005 to +0.001 higher than the bottles and the secondary sensors salinity reading -0.001 lower than the bottles. This 0.001 correction was not made to the CTD data. Because there are no meaningful bottle calibrations for salinity in the high gradient waters the accuracy of the lower salinity water must be based on the laboratory calibrations and the sensor comparisons. The pre- and post-cruise calibrations show the primary salinity may be +0.001 because of a change in the conductivity sensor and the secondary salinity may be -0.001 due to the change in the temperature sensor. However, the at-sea salinity data show a difference of 0.007. Thus, the best estimate is then around 0.007. 8. Data Issues 8.1. Bottle Flushing High salinity gradients in the upper 200m were responsible for large salinity signals as well as large differences between the bottle and CTD samples. Tests performed at sea indicate the CTD package wake effects and lack of bottle flushing (even after using 1 minute bottle stops) were responsible for the discrepancies between CTD sensors and bottle samples in the large gradient regions. Although the water sample values were within 10m of the CTD values, the differences were large enough to prevent their use in calibrations. Waiting times and tests: Station 25 and up: waiting 15 sec at bottle stop before firing bottle Station 29: drew duplicate samples from each Niskin bottle Station 57-68: increased waiting time to 1 minute before firing bottle Station 57+58: fired a bottle after 15seconds and then again after total of 1 minute wait. 8.2. Bottle Salinity Quality Unstable room temperatures throughout the cruise led to unstable autosalinometer water bath temperatures, which in turn decreased the accuracy of the measured salinities. However, the results of the tests (duplicate samples and increased waiting times) show the major discrepancy between CTD salinity and the water samples was caused by the lack of bottle flushing not the autosalinometer readings. 8.3. Nutrient Data Because CTD versus water sample salinity differences do indicate up to a 10m separation between the water in the bottle and the location of the bottle stop, the nutrient data should be viewed with a +10m error range. 8.4. Data Spikes at High Winch Speeds Noisy CTD data was generated by high winch speeds. The spikes in the data were removed by the standard processing de-spiking programs and were not a concern for the final output. The source of the problem, determined on the following cruise, was cross- talk between the data cable and the winch power cable which had been laid too close to each other. Separation of the cables solved the problem. 8.5. Rosette Water Sampler Malfunction Beginning with station 62 we had problems with bottle firing. There were confirmed fires that did not close bottles and unconfirmed fires that did close bottles. There appeared to be a pattern to the bottles that did close and this pattern was used successfully for the next few stations. When the problem increased further on station 68 it was decided to stop water sampling altogether during the CTD casts. The ship had a spare water sampler that could have been swapped in, but it was decided to save the time for additional CTD casts, because this was near the end of the cruise. The pattern for successful bottle firing was for every-other three bottles to close (Bottles 1-3, 7-9, 13-15, 19-21). Although during station 68 this pattern deteriorated. The bottle firing problem persisted through manual firing using the deck unit, cable replacement between the underwater unit and the water sampler and on deck tests while the CTD was in the hanger. 9. Data Quality 9.1. Uncontrolled Bottle salinity and nutrients have not been quality controlled. The temperature and salinity from the secondary CTD sensors, the fluorometer and the light scattering sensor data have not been quality controlled. The quality words in the down and up 1 db averaged files have not been adjusted to reflect interpolations or edits. The quality word remains at its default setting of '2' for pressure, and primary and secondary temperature and salinity. 9.2. Density Inversions Deep density inversions appeared in some of the CTD profiles. To identify these, profiles of density versus pressure were made for all of the casts. It was determined that five stations needed to have bad temperature and salinity values removed manually. Erroneous temperature and salinity values for sensor 1 were replaced with the missing value flag, -9.00000. Temperature and salinity values for sensor 2 were left unchanged. Stations 7 and 10 had density inversions in the shallow water that were corrected through interpolation. They are listed in section 9.3. This table lists the records that were changed in stations 28, 30, 32, 65, and 66. sbi02028.dcc: 884.0 -9.00000 0.12410 -9.00000 34.87338 0.0469 0.0357 29.42 17 22222111 sbi02028.dcc: 885.0 -9.00000 0.12220 -9.00000 34.87341 0.0329 0.0351 29.42 23 22222111 sbi02028.dcc: 886.0 -9.00000 0.12030 -9.00000 34.87343 0.2709 0.0288 29.42 25 22222111 sbi02028.dcc: 931.0 -9.00000 0.07060 -9.00000 34.87715 0.0891 0.0339 29.42 25 22222111 sbi02028.dcc: 934.0 -9.00000 0.06430 -9.00000 34.87737 0.0352 0.0365 29.42 25 22222111 sbi02028.dcc: 1124.0 -9.00000 -0.08240 -9.00000 34.88905 0.0702 0.0394 29.08 51 22222111 sbi02028.dcc: 1152.0 -9.00000 -0.09860 -9.00000 34.83081 7.9497 3.2596 29.83 143 22222111 sbi02030.dcc: 948.0 -9.00000 0.08980 -9.00000 34.87582 0.2005 0.0505 29.42 20 22222111 sbi02030.dcc: 1014.0 -9.00000 0.07200 -9.00000 34.87755 0.0419 0.0562 29.42 26 22222111 sbi02030.dcc: 1064.0 -9.00000 0.04100 -9.00000 34.87949 0.0725 0.0850 29.42 48 22222111 sbi02032.dcc: 398.0 -9.00000 0.53530 -9.00000 34.82113 0.0703 0.0861 29.43 24 22222111 sbi02032.dcc: 399.0 -9.00000 0.53520 -9.00000 34.82140 0.0681 0.0837 29.43 24 22222111 sbi02032.dcc: 435.0 -9.00000 0.53710 -9.00000 34.82402 0.0787 0.1188 29.43 24 22222111 sbi02065.dcc: 676.0 -9.00000 0.43590 -9.00000 34.85579 0.0289 0.0377 29.41 26 22222111 sbi02066.dcc: 801.0 -9.00000 0.14170 -9.00000 34.87160 0.0282 0.0312 29.41 20 22222111 sbi02066.dcc: 1210.0 -9.00000 -0.07650 -9.00000 34.88772 0.0272 0.0232 29.41 46 22222111 sbi02066.dcc: 1211.0 -9.00000 -0.07650 -9.00000 34.88769 0.0290 0.0264 29.41 54 22222111 sbi02066.dcc: 1212.0 -9.00000 -0.07640 -9.00000 34.88771 0.0275 0.0257 29.41 58 22222111 9.3. Data Spikes Spikes in the CTD data that were not removed by the automated processing steps are listed below. Linear interpolation was used to correct these. Two of the stations had density inversions instead of spikes. They were corrected through interpolation instead of the above method (9.2) simply because they were edited in an earlier round of processing. All interpolations were of 4m or less except for one station with an interpolation of 8m. Station Beginning Ending Property Pressure Pressure 84 90 94 3 41 972 976 3 40 825 828 2 31 448 451 3 28 883 886 3 28 898 901 3 10 3 11 4 7 17 20 4 Property key is 2= Temperature, 3=Salinity, 4=Density inversion (no spike) 10. Combining Nutrient Water Samples with CTD Data Phosphate, Nitrate, Silicate, and Nitrite were collected for all stations except 1 and 2 (test stations), 24, 26, 29 and 69-90(no bottles). These nutrients were analyzed on board by the UW group, who produced listings of the measured values at the nominal depths recorded as bottles were fired during the CTD cast. A final product of the Matlab-based CTD processing program is a file containing nutrient data merged with uptrace CTD pressure, temperature, and salinity at sample depths. Merging these data required extra care since the nutrient file format did not conform to the CTD processing program's expectation that a record exist for each bottle fired (i.e., first record of nutrient file should match first bottle tag in CTD .btl file, second should match second, and so on.) The .btl file, a product of the Seabird stage of processing, contains CTD Salinity, Pressure, Temperature, and Conductivity, and time information for each bottle fired. Sample of a portion of a .btl file: Bottle Date Sal00 Sal11 Pr T090 T190 C0mS/cm C1mS/cm Position Time 1 Jul 20 2002 32.9768 32.9730 50.469 -1.4147 -1.4162 26.385620 26.381657 (avg) 01:11:06 0.031 0.0003 0.0004 0.000345 0.000351 (sdev) 2 Jul 20 2002 32.9749 32.9714 36.625 -1.4023 -1.4024 26.388010 26.385348 (avg) 01:13:08 0.040 0.0005 0.0004 0.000394 0.000279 (sdev) 3 Jul 20 2002 32.4475 32.4801 16.869 -0.6377 -0.6690 26.604463 26.603608 (avg) 01:15:25 0.041 0.0456 0.0195 0.002989 0.002629 (sdev) 4 Jul 20 2002 31.1452 31.1397 12.076 3.1626 3.1902 28.624506 28.642007 (avg) 01:16:38 0.050 0.0160 0.0387 0.006194 0.022741 (sdev) 5 Jul 20 2002 31.0635 31.0637 3.774 3.5147 3.5033 28.835734 28.826695 (avg) 01:18:22 0.028 0.0084 0.0088 0.004542 0.006046 (sdev) Sample SIO nutrient file (.txt) : Actual Pressure uM Phosphate uM Nitrate uM Silicate uM Nitrite Bottle # Seq. # 3.7 0.29 0.00 12.40 0.02 10 5 12 0.31 0.00 12.86 0.02 8 4 16.9 0.48 0.01 19.32 0.06 6 3 -9 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9 -9 -9 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9.0 -9 -9 By first comparing the number of records in each nutrient file with the number of bottle tags in the .btl file, it was possible to determine if it was necessary to insert blank records in the nutrient file to get the order correct. In the above sample (station 5), two blank records were inserted to fill bottle positions 4 and 5 for which nutrients were not sampled. Files that required insertion of blank records were from stations 5, 10, 16, 25, 28, 34, and 36. After this, the CTD_GUI module for incorporating nutrients, which was customized for this data format, was run to produce the final .nut file. Sample final .nut file for station 5: AWS-02 Phase 1 Station Number: 5 Bottle Data (pre-CTD calibration) CTD CTD CTD CTD CTD CTD CTD CTD Meas Bottle Pres. T1(90) T2(90) TH1(68) TH2(68) SAL1 SAL2 SAL PO4 NO3 SIL NO2 QUAL Number (db) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (psu) (psu) (psu) (umol/L) (umol/L) (umol/L) (umol/L) ***** 1 50.5 -1.4147 -1.4162 -1.4161 -1.4176 32.9768 32.9730 -9.0000 -9.000 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 222221192222 2 36.6 -1.4023 -1.4024 -1.4034 -1.4035 32.9749 32.9714 -9.0000 -9.000 -9.00 -9.00 -9.00 222221192222 3 16.9 -0.6377 -0.6690 -0.6383 -0.6696 32.4475 32.4801 32.1714 0.480 0.01 19.32 0.06 222221122222 4 12.1 3.1626 3.1902 3.1627 3.1903 31.1452 31.1397 31.2070 0.310 0.00 12.86 0.02 222221122222 5 3.8 3.5147 3.5033 3.5153 3.5039 31.0635 31.0637 31.0899 0.290 0.00 12.40 0.02 222221122222 Overlayed profiles of the .txt files and .btl files data were made to verify the accuracy of the matching. 11. XCTD XCTD Use: 1 used in test 9 used in Section 3 (8 good, 1 fail) 15 used in Section 3a (13 good, 2 fail) 8 used in Section 5 (7good, 1 fail) The depth in the XCTD data and the actual depth disagree by varying amounts depending on the station. As explained by the Sippican help page, the depth calculation for the XCTD-1 (1100m) is hard coded. Four coefficients are listed in the header but only the first two are used in a quadratic equation: depth = a*time + b*time*time. Thus the depth is not as accurate as the ship's depth (Knudsen) or the CTD. The coefficients given in the ascii out files (*.edf) are Depth Equation : Standard Depth Coeff. 1 : 0.0 Depth Coeff. 2 : 3.425432 Depth Coeff. 3 : -0.00047 Depth Coeff. 4 : 0.0 The XCTD data were not processed farther, nor have they been quality controlled. 12. Individual Station Notes Station 1 Test station. One large pressure spike and deck unit turned off mid-cast. Deck unit fuses were blown. Cause was later determined to be a short in the termination. The old splice was removed and moisture was noticed in the seabird end of the cable. No moisture seen in the conducting wire end by the technician. The wire was not cut back. Only the splice was redone using a new seabird cable. Station 2 Test station. Water sampler modem connection not working from deck unit to the PC. The water sample was tripped by manual fire and a marker file made for the bottle trips. No samples were taken so no need to process the bottle file. Jiggling computer cable after cast 'fixed' it until it died again later at station 12 during which the cable was replaced with one from Jim Schmidt (SIO). Lat and Lon only in header. Station 3 Latitude and Longitude added to the acquisition configuration. Station 4 Added Bottom tracker (however there was no change needed in the *.con file). Line was 5m but it didn't switch on until we touched (very lightly!). Altimeter, groundtruthed, is accurate. CTD read 1.7m off bottom when altimeter said 1.75m. Station 6 Altimeter signal cleaner than before- we believe its because of reduced interference from the ship's V850 fathometer. We suspect V850 was changed from 200kHz to 50kHz. Station 7 Altimeter even cleaner after ships V850 turned off. It became standard practice to turn off V850 for all subsequent stations. Station 9 Changed *.CON file to include Wet Labs Light Scattering Sensor. Also added a user polynomial (slope =1) for flourometer if we decide to add it. Station 24 Changed *.CON to include Seapoint Fluorometer and removed user polynomial. This station was the first, at the seaward end, of the originally planned Beaufort Slope Line. Because of the steep topography on the line the section was repositioned to the west. Ice conditions were heavy. The cast was aborted after 200m (bottom depth was 2150m) due to closing ice. In addition the J-Frame was leaking oil quickly due to missing set screws. Screws were replaced after the cast fixing the J-frame. No bottles taken. Station 25 Acquisition computer died prior to cast. May be due to trouble with the modem connection for the water sampler that ran through a comm. port to USB converter. The conversion was necessary since the acquisition PC only had one comm port and one USB port. Computer would boot, Seasave would load but when acquisition started the computer would turn off. Set up Dave Leech's laptop to acquire station data without modem. Manually fired bottles from deck unit and put mark tags into data. This got messy. Bottles may be difficult to ID. In addition to problems with confirmation (confirmation light began with sequence off -on -off for a bottle fire. It then changed to on-off-on at the fourth bottle), there were also missing bottles on the frame so when we thought we were tripping the 6th bottle we may have been tripping the 7th bottle. Handmade the bottle-tag (*.bl) file from the mark tags and scan numbers where the CTD was stopped for bottle closures. The CTD data from the possible water stops were compared with water sample salinities to determine the actual bottle-stops. Bottle firing- started waiting 15 seconds at bottle-stop before firing bottle. Station 26 Jim Schmidt (SIO) let us set up one of his computers that has 2 serial ports. However some means of exporting data was needed. CD writer software was added by ship's crew. New version of SEASAVE was added: v.5.25. Station 28 On upcast there was danger of getting caught in ice. At 260db the package was relowered to 380db and then raised again. This means the bottles below 250 db may have leaked due to compression during relowering. Station 37 - 39 Jelly-fish in the water. They were first seen in station 37. The package caught jellyfish parts on these three casts. Station 42 Prior to cast: Retermination. The wire was cut back to first appearance from winch, about 30 ft, and pull-tested to 2000 pounds. O-ring seal on the secondary conductivity unit at the connection of the secondary conductivity outflow to the pump tubing was replaced. O-ring had started to crumble. Secondary temperature sensor protector (clear plastic disk and spout) that encases the thermister was missing one of the plastic screws that held it in place. This allows the protective cover to wobble as it flows through the water, potentially changing the temperature reading and/or calibration. The protector was removed and replaced with a functional cover from the spare sensor. Note this changing of protective covers may have changed the calibration. Cable between water sampler and CTD has been worn near water sampler. Probably due to wear against a sharp corner on LADCP battery pack mounted directly below. Cable was repositioned to prevent further wear. Station 62 +962 Water sampler had problems firing bottles. There were confirms but no trips and also no confirms. The cast was stopped on the upcast after 4 bottles fired and restarted, calling the rest of the cast station 62a. This may be a problem since the file name is now 9 characters long. The second file, sbi02062a was renamed sbi02962 and the station name within the header of the files *.dat and *.bl was also changed. *.dat and *.bl are the initial unprocessed files generated by the Seabird software. The data were processed and the two uptraces spliced together into a new sbi02062.cup and a new sbi02062.btl. The original unmodified station 62 files were renamed sbi02062_original. Bottles 1-3, 7-9, 13-15,19-21 (every other three) would fire and the rest would not. This was tested from the deckunit and computer. Cable between water sampler and underwater unit replaced due to wear and signs of corrosion. Cable looked bad, particularly the neck of the cable attaching to the water sampler. But even with new cable the problem persisted. The next stations however were fine. Station 64 Bottle file had too many tags and had to be edited. Station 65 Brief temperature increase seen at 30m is seen by both sensors and a shadow of it appears on uptrace. Kept this anomaly because it looked real. Station 67 Water sampler worked Station 68 Pump had turned on at 10m, at start of cast, but as CTD was brought back to the surface the pump turned off and did not turn on again until at 50m. Downtrace 0 to 50m temperature and salinity was replaced with the uptrace data. Water sampler sampled 4 bottles and then stopped working. Stations 69-90 Water sampler option turned off 13. Individual Station Notes on Bottle Specific Issues Station 5 Two bottles vents not closed, samples not taken. Station 10 One bottle tripped on the fly, sample not taken. Station 12 Bottle file is in upcast station 912, no bottles in down cast file. Station 16 Two bottles compromised, samples not taken. Station 20 One bottle with no sample. Station 23 Mystery! 8Tags, 7bottles, we don't know which bottle is missing. Station 24 No Bottles Station 25 Bottles taken, but no bottle file. Hand made a bottle-tag file (*.bl) based on mark file and scan numbers of places where the CTD package was stopped for bottle-closers. Station 26 One bottle with air vent not tight. No salt drawn. Bottle 29 should be at 50m and bottle 30 should be at the surface but it appears the 50m niskin was skipped and sample bottle 29 filled from the surface niskin. Sample bottle 30 was used at the start of sampling on the following station. Repositioned bottle 29 as the last sample in 026.sal and copied salt info from bottle 30 in 026.sal to 027.sal. Station 27 Bottle from last station is really from this station. Station 28 One bottle with air vent not tight. Salt sample missing for 88m, water sample #26, Niskin#15, Sequence #14. Station 30 Salt sample missing from 175m, water sample #1, Niskin #15, Sequence # 14. Station 31 Salt samples accidentally dumped from 0 to 125m, water samples #23 to 28. Station 62 3 bottles in first sbi02062.btl and 1 bottle in the following sbi02962.btl file. The files were merged so that there is one sbi02062.btl file with 4 bottle tags to match the 4 water samples. Station 64 Too many tags in *.btl file. Saved original *.btl and made new one with the correct number of tags. Station 69+ No Bottles       ()j , ; L M N % / qǾyrkrkrdrZhbCJPJaJ h*Di0J5 ho0J5 hb0J5 hb5PJhA5PJ\h5PJ\hb0J5B*PJ\phjhb5PJU\jhb5PJU\hb5PJ\ hbPJhbPJh<h<h<6h<hb#)Cjk   . 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