ࡱ> `b_M !bjbj== :WWl     Ljr  $$ D;9 ; t B   R f P>"L  4<0,Franklin Voyage Summary No. FR05/2001 Title Monitoring ocean climate change around Australia: the Deep-Ocean Time-Series Sections (DOTSS). Itinerary Leg 1: Departed Wellington (New Zealand) 0915hrs Thursday 24 May 2001 Arrived Nukualofa (Tonga) 0830hrs Saturday 16 June 2001 Leg 2: Departed Nukualofa (Tonga) 2200hrs Saturday 16 June 2001 Arrived Apia (Western Samoa) 1000hrs Saturday 7 July 2001 local (8 July 2001 AEST) Principal Investigators Susan E. Wijffels (Chief Scientist) CSIRO Marine Research GPO 1538 Hobart, Tasmania 7000 Australia Phone: 03 6232 5450 Fax: 03 6232 5123 e-mail: Susan.Wijffels@marine.csiro.au John Church, Bronte Tilbrook and Steve Rintoul Antarctic CRC and CSIRO Marine Research Nathan Bindoff Antarctic Co-operative Research Centre, University of Tasmania Mark Warner and Chris Sabine University of Washington, Seattle, USA John Bullister NOAA-PMEL, Seattle, USA Scientific Objectives Establish a time series of full-depth repeat ocean measurements capable of resolving decadal and longer time-scale changes in the structure and carbon storage of the oceans around Australia, from Antarctica to the equator. Use these data to test climate model predictions and to determine whether and how fast climate is changing due to the Greenhouse Effect and/or natural decadal variability. Cruise Track Starting in Wellington, Franklin steamed into deep water south of the Chatham Rise and a test station was completed. Franklin then steamed directly to 170 W, 50 S where the meridional survey began. From there, Franklin worked northwards and westwards to near Chatham Island crossing a deep western boundary current (see Figure 1). From there, the track was northeastward recrossing the boundary current back to 170 W, then along 170 W, until interrupted for an exchange of personnel in Tonga. On Leg 2, near 17 S, the meridional line was interrupted in order to complete an additional crossing of the deep boundary currents found between 170 W and the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge. After completing this short zonal line, the 170 W meridional line was resumed until interrupted again near 10 S for a section across the deep Samoa Passage. From here the meridional line was completed to the equator along 168 45'W. Results A total of 129 CTD casts were completed. Four of these were test casts of various types but the rest of the casts were mostly to within 15m (or more usually 10m) of the bottom. The casts were made along 3 sections (Figures 1): along roughly 170 W from 50 S to the equator (a partial repeat of WOCE section P15S), along 17.5 S from 170 W across the deep western boundary current east of the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge (a partial repeat of WOCE section P21) and across the Samoa Passage (a partial repeat of WOCE section P31) which is the main pathway of deep water from the South to the North Pacific Ocean. On all casts a 24-bottle rosette system (10 litre bottles) was used to collect samples throughout the water column. Samples were collected for salinity, oxygen and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) on all casts. On about half of the casts samples were also collected for dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity and CFCs (Freon 11, Freon 12) and on some casts carbon tetrachloride. The ship mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler, precision depth recorder and other underway instrumentation were run throughout the cruise. At 6 stations, samples were also collected for John Lupton (NOAA-PMEL, Seattle, USA) for helium analysis. The sections clearly show the major features expected the northward penetration of Southern Ocean water masses (Sub-Antarctic Mode Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, Circumpolar Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water) and the southward penetration of North Pacific water masses. Samples were analysed for dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) and seawater alkalinity (TA). The TCO2 values were measured by coulometry using a SOMMA system. TA values were measured by potentiometric titration on a closed cell. For carbon parameters, full profiles (24 Niskin bottles) were taken every other CTD station along the cruise track, with surface and some fill-in samples (up to 14) collected at other CTD stations. Where possible, carbon analyses were made at stations that coincided with locations that had been analysed for carbon during WOCE on sections P15S, P15N, P21 and P6. Data quality for both TCO2 and TA was monitored during the cruise using duplicate samples and by analysing Batch 52 Certified Reference Material (CRM) provided by Dr. Andrew G. Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The data quality were good for both legs of the cruise. At each 24-bottle cast for carbon, three depths were sampled in duplicate. The duplicates were interspersed with the other samples from the cast and analysed. The measured CRM titration alkalinity values were used to calibrate the potentiometric titration cell volume. For 37 samples the calculated CRM alkalinity on both legs of the cruise the cruise was 2224.72 1.03 mmoles/kg. Duplicate analyses for alkalinity showed an absolute difference between duplicates of 1.03 0.91 mmol/kg (1 s.d.; n=150). TCO2 results for CRM samples 2005.45 0.83 mmol/kg (1 s.d.; n=66), and the absolute difference between duplicates was 1.08 0.74 mmol/kg (1 s.d.; n=200). Personnel Scientific participants on Leg 1 Neil WhiteCMRCruise LeaderMing FengCMRWatch LeaderDon McKenzieCMRCTD Lindsay PenderCMRComputingSteve ThomasCMRElectronicsDavid TerhellCMRHydrochemistryVal LathamCMRHydrochemistryNeale JohnstonCMRHydrochemistryFred MenziaUniversity of WashingtonCFCRegina CesarioUniversity of WashingtonCFCGeorge AndersonUniversity of WashingtonCarbonMark PrettyCMRCarbon Scientific participants on Leg 2 John ChurchCMRCruise LeaderMark RosenbergACRCWatch LeaderBob BeattieCMRComputingLindsay MacDonaldCMRElectronicsKautu TemakiKiribati ObserverCTDGary CritchleyCMRHydrochemistryKate BerryCMRHydrochemistryNeale JohnstonCMRHydrochemistryFred MenziaUniversity of WashingtonCFCRegina CesarioUniversity of WashingtonCFCGeorge AndersonUniversity of WashingtonCarbonJeanette OSullivanCMRCarbon Acknowledgements We received excellent support from the Ships officers and crew, the scientific staff and Franklin Operations officers. We thank them and the shore based support staff for ensuring the success of the cruise. This cruise is a contribution to CSIROs Climate Change Research Program, with partial funding provided by Australias National Greenhouse Research Program. The CFC and US CO2 programs were supported by funds from the National Science Foundation, award OCE-0095960. Neil White, Chief Scientist Leg 1, John Church Chief Scientist Leg 2 Figures  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.marine.csiro.au/nationalfacility/franklin/plans/2001/images/0501sfig1.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Figure 1. Cruise Track from Wellington to Tonga to Apia, Samoa. The CTD station locations are indicated by the dots. %&+)*;<PQ# / fhJ\^G H l!o!! jUOJQJH* CJOJQJ B*ph6] 56\]5\8&,pYv# 0 ! 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