DATASET TITLE:                                                                  
         SOLAR RECORDS: THE WOLF SUNSPOT INDEX AND UMBRAL/PENUMBRAL             
         RATIO                                                                  
                                                                                
CONTRIBUTOR(S):                                                                 
         DOUGLAS V. HOYT, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY DIVISION, NATIONAL              
         CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, BOULDER,                              
         COLORADO  80303                                                        

DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/sar.ndp014
                                                                                
SCOPE OF THE DATA:                                                              
                                                                                
         INDICES OF SOLAR ACTIVITY SUCH AS SUNSPOTS HAVE LED TO                 
SEVERAL EFFORTS TO CONNECT VARIOUS CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS WITH                   
SOLAR VARIATIONS.  THE STUDIES OF SUNSPOTS HAVE A LONG HISTORY                  
AND A GOOD RECORD FROM THE ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERVATORY IN ENGLAND               
AND THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT LABORATORIES, NOAA IN BOULDER, COLORADO               
EXISTS FROM ABOUT 1875, WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS BACK TO 1832.  THE                 
UMBRAL/PENUMBRAL (U/P) RATIO IS A MEASURE OF THE CONVECTIVE                     
ENERGY TRANSPORT IN THE PHOTOSPHERE OF THE SUN, AND IS THEREFORE                
A MEASURE OF THE SUN'S TIME VARYING RADIANT FLUX.  THE MIXING                   
LENGTH THEORY OF CONVECTION AND SUNSPOT MODELS, INDICATED THAT                  
THE OBSERVED CHANGES IN THE UMBRAL/PENUMBRAL RATIO MAY BE                       
EQUIVALENT TO A CHANGE IN THE SOLAR CONSTANT.  ONE OF THE                       
CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHANGE IN THE SOLAR CONSTANT IS THAT THE                    
EARTH'S CLIMATE ALSO VARIES IN PARALLEL WITH VARIATIONS OF THE                  
U/P RATIO.  HOYT HAS ALSO SHOWN THAT THERE IS GOOD AGREEMENT                    
BETWEEN THE U/P RATIO AND THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE TEMPERATURE                   
RECORD, THEREFORE HAVING APPLICABILITY FOR THE DETECTION OF THE                 
CARBON DIOXIDE INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE.                                          
         FOUR ASCII TEXT FILES ARE PROVIDED IN THIS SUBDIRECTORY                
(NDP014) ON THE CD-ROM INCLUDING THIS DOCUMENTATION FILE (NDP014.TXT),            
FORTRAN (NDP014.FOR) AND SAS (NDP014.SAS) RETRIEVAL PROGRAMS TO READ            
AND PRINT A DATA FILE (NDP014.UMB) CONTAINING ANNUAL SUNSPOT AND                
UMBRAL/PENUMBRAL (U/P) VALUES, AND THE DATA FILE ITSELF.                        
                                                                                
FORMAT OF THE DATA FILE (NDP014.UMB):                                           
                                                                                
         THE DATASET CONTAINS ANNUAL SUNSPOT AND UMBRAL/PENUMBRAL               
(U/P) RATIO VALUES FOR THE PERIOD 1875-1981. THE VARIABLES                      
ARE: YEAR, GROUP (NUMBER OF SUNSPOT GROUPS), WOLF (WOLF SUNSPOT                 
NUMBER), UMBRA (CORRECTED UMBRAL AREAS), WHOLE (CORRECTED WHOLE                 
SPOT AREAS), PENUMB (CORRECTED PENUMBRAL AREA, CALCULATED FROM AS               
WHOLE - UMBRA), AND RATIO (THE UMBRAL/PENUMBRAL VALUE). THE DATA                
ARE FORMATTED AS:                                                               
                                                                                
                   FORMAT (I4,F5.1,F7.1,F6.1,F7.1,F8.1,F6.2)                    
                                                                                
VALUES FOR 1900 HAVE BEEN CORRECTED, NEGLECTING THE VALUES OF                   
JUNE 29 AND JUNE 30 WHEN MEASUREMENTS OF A LARGE SUNSPOT RESULTED               
IN A U/P RATIO OF 1.41. THE ANNUAL VALUE WAS REDUCED FROM 0.29 TO               
0.26 BY NEGLECTING THIS VALUE. DURING MAY, 1901 THERE WERE ALSO                 
LARGE SUNSPOT GROUPS. THE MAY 26TH OBSERVATION WAS ALSO TAKEN BY                
A DIFFERENT OBSERVER. BY NEGLECTING THE MAY ANOMALIES, THE ANNUAL               
VALUE BECOMES 0.22, RATHER THAN AN UNCHARACTERISTIC 0.96. THE                   
YEAR 1913 WAS A QUIET YEAR, HAVING MANY PENUMBRAL SPOTS WITH NO                 
UMBRA. A MEAN (0.24) OF THE YEARS 1912 AND 1914 IS PROBABLY MORE                
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE 1913 CONDITIONS.                                          
                                                                                
                      REFERENCE(S)                                              
                                                                                
HOYT, D. V. 1979. "VARIATIONS IN SUNSPOT STRUCTURE AND                          
CLIMATE." CLIMATIC CHANGE 2:79-92.                                              
                                                                                
HOYT, D. V. 1979. "AN EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF THE HEATING                    
OF THE EARTH BY THE CARBON DIOXIDE GREENHOUSE EFFECT." NATURE                   
282:388-390.                                                                    
                                                                                
HOYT, D. V. AND J. A. EDDY. 1982. AN ATLAS OF VARIATIONS IN                     
THE SOLAR CONSTANT  CAUSED BY SUNSPOT BLOCKING AND FACULAR                      
EMISSIONS FROM 1874 TO 1981. NCAR/TN-194+STR, NATIONAL CENTER                   
FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, BOULDER, COLORADO.