ࡱ> #` bjbj 82))))\+t<.+^,^,^,^,9-9-9-:::::::$=h$@j:/9-9-//:^,^,H<888/^,^,:8/:888^,+ >s})U48:^<0<8@7@88@89-v-T8.DG.x9-9-9-::8 9-9-9-<////d"&d& AmrFlx_New_Met_2004to2007_v1_6.dat In version 1.6 all met data were gap filled and derived measurements were calculated. Data were gap filled using surrogates from the GLEES AmeriFlux tower met and sonic data, the GLEES AmeriFlux scaffold met and sonic data, the GLEES CASTNET data, the GLEES met tower data, the GLEES NADP met data, and the Laramie Regional Airport data. All surrogate data were regressed against the AmeriFlux data to reduce RMS error. Where surrogates were not available data were gap filled using modeled data based on annual and weekly average waveforms (see CO2 Mole Fraction Mixing Ratio, cc, for a detailed description). Data with high-auto correlation were linearly transitioned over 1.5 hours to the gap filled data (note, for gaps d" 3 hours the transition was such that the gap was linearly interpolated with the surrogate or modeled data superimposed on the line). This was done to eliminate abrupt changes between the real data and the surrogate or modeled data. Data was collected at the AmeriFlux tower from 1999 to 2006, and included 119,291 30-minute records. Data was collected at the AmeriFlux scaffold from 2004 to Present (only the results through 2007 were included in this document), and included 56609 30-minute records. Temperature-Ambient, Ta (C) Ta was gap filled using only surrogate data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. Ta,New = 0.51 + 1.0109Ta,New Sonic (R2 = 0.9993, RMSE=0.24 C, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 2. Ta,New = -0.07 + 0.9927Ta,Old (R2 = 0.9986, RMSE=0.35 C, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 3. Ta,New = 0.07 + 0.9980Ta,CASTNET (R2 = 0.9985, RMSE=0.36 C, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 4. Ta,New = 0.27 + 1.0161Ta,Old Sonic (R2 = 0.9976, RMSE=0.44 C, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 5. Ta,New = 0.51 + 0.9842Ta,GLEES Met Tower (R2 = 0.9948, RMSE=0.66 C, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 6. Ta,New = 0.45 + 0.9846Ta,NADP (R2 = 0.9869, RMSE=1.05 C, accounts for 0.00% of the data) Gaps were linearly transitioned. Note, although no gaps occurred in the AmeriFlux scaffold, the list was included to show consistency among sites. Also, the percentage of accounting for gap filling is only through 2006 for all measurements in this document. Temperature-Dew Point, Td (C) Td was gap filled with derived measurements from pv (which was derived from Ta and RH after those fields were gap filled).  EMBED Equation.3  Relative Humidity (%RH) RH was gap filled using only surrogate data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. RHNew = 1.29 + 1.1396RHCASTNET - 2.2861x10-3RHCASTNET2 (R2 = 0.9864, RMSE=2.47 %RH, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 2. RHNew = 5.42 + 1.1009RHGLEES Met Tower - 5.0876-3RHGLEES Met Tower2 + 2.6987x10-5RHGLEES Met Tower3 (R2 = 0.9691, RMSE=3.65 %RH, accounts for 0.17% of the data) 3. RHNew = 3.55 + 1.1738RHNADP 7.3458-3RHNADP2 + 4.4978x10-5RHNADP3 (R2 = 0.9410, RMSE=5.03 %RH, accounts for 0.00% of the data) Gaps were linearly transitioned. Note, the scaffold record had previously been gap filled from the tower data in version 1.5. Also, there was no overlap in RH measurements between the AmeriFlux tower and scaffold to use for comparison. Saturation Vapor Pressure, pv,sat (kPa) pv,sat was derived from Ta (after Ta was gap filled).  EMBED Equation.3  Vapor Pressure, pv (kPa) pv was derived from pv,sat and RH (after RH was gap filled).  EMBED Equation.3  Vapor Mole Fraction Mixing Ratio, cv (ppt) cv was derived from pv and Pa (after Pa was gap filled).  EMBED Equation.3  Vapor Density, rv (gm-3) rv was derived from cv, Pa, pv, and Ta (after all fields were gap filled).  EMBED Equation.3  Wind Velocity, Ua (ms-1) Ua was gap filled using only surrogate data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. Ua,New = 1.3518Ua,New Sonic (R2 = 0.9984, RMSE=0.24 ms-1, accounts for 0.01% of the data) 2. Ua,New = 0.79354Ua,Old (R2 = 0.9943, RMSE=0.44 ms-1, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 3. Ua,New = 0.9107Ua,Old Sonic (R2 = 0.9939, RMSE=0.46 ms-1, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 4. Ua,New = 0.9912Ua,CASTNET (R2 = 0.9887, RMSE=0.62 ms-1, accounts for 0.01% of the data) 5. Ua,New = 0.6491Ua,GLEES Met Tower (R2 = 0.9469, RMSE=1.36 ms-1, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 6. Ua,New = 1.5721Ua,NADP (R2 = 0.8986, RMSE=1.86 ms-1, accounts for 0.00% of the data) Wind Direction, qa (o) qa was gap filled using only surrogate data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. qa,New = qa,New Sonic, Adjusted (R2 = 0.9721., RMSE=9.67 o, accounts for 3.74% of the data) 2. qa,New = 2.39 + qa,Old Sonic (R2 = 0.9619, RMSE=11.32 o, accounts for 0.15% of the data) 3. qa,New = 3.62 + qa,Old (R2 = 0.9556, RMSE=12.22 o, accounts for 0.00% of the data) 4. qa,New = 6.54 + qa,CASTNET (R2 = 0.8897, RMSE=19.24 o, accounts for 0.27% of the data) 5. qa,New = 1.57 + qa,GLEES Met Tower (R2 = 0.7924, RMSE=26.40o, accounts for 0.03% of the data) 6. qa,New = 34.84 + qa,NADP (R2 = 0.1178, RMSE=54.42o, accounts for 0.00% of the data) Note, the sonic median-adjusted wind direction was described in the sonic met version 1.3 notes. In summary, the sonic wind direction was corrected by adding the 7-day running median of wind direction difference between the met and sonic. For the scaffold the median ranged from 11.9o to 27.3o with an average of 22.0o. Pressure-Ambient, Pa (mb) Pa was gap filled using only surrogate data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. Pa,New = 23.61 +0.9658Pa,Old (R2 = 0.9755, RMSE=1.10 mb, accounts for 3.31% of the data) 2. Pa = -56.88 + 0.9595Pa,LaramieRegionalAirport(t-to) - 3.45sin(2pt  11.3333) (R2 = 0.9449, RMSE=1.66 mb, accounts for 0.24% of the data) Gaps were linearly transitioned. Note, the old tower and new scaffold data were pooled to create the model in step 2. Also, t and to were in units of LinearYear; to was equivalent to 5 hours. CO2 Mole Fraction Mixing Ratio, cc (ppm) cc was set equal to cc,Measured and gap filled with cc Reconstructed on the scaffold. cc was gap filled using surrogate and modeled data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. cc,New,Measured = cc,New, Reconstructed (R2 = 0.8990, RMSE=1.40 ppm, accounts for ? % of the data) 2. cc,New = cc,Old (R2 = 0.7857, RMSE=1.31 ppm, accounts for 0.24% of the data) 3. cc = cc,Model (R2 = 0.6524, RMSE=2.11 ppm, accounts for 1.05% of the data) Gaps were linearly transitioned. The pooled cc data from both the tower and scaffold were used to create the model. The cc model was created by averaging each of the 30-minute records between years (note, each year included a leap day filled with blank data except for 2000 and 2004, thus, 17,568 averages were calculated). Then, each 30-minute year-average was averaged with the data 24, 48, and 72 hours before and after. Note, the model was the same for both the old tower and new scaffold, but the statistics are reported for only the new scaffold. After cc was gap filled, the vapor dilution correction was applied using cv (after cv was gap filled).  EMBED Equation.3  Note, the dilution correction increased the average cc by 2.1 ppm. This helped close the discrepancy between the Mauna Loa, HI and GLEES cc, which was 2.5 ppm (as described in the version 1.4 notes). The pressure broadening correction was not applied because it was estimated to average < 0.5 ppm and was difficult to calculate. CO2 Density, rc (mgm-3) rc was derived from cc, Pa, pv, and Ta (after all fields were gap filled).  EMBED Equation.3  Net Radiation, Rn (Wm-2) Rn was gap filled using surrogate data and derivations from modeled data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. RnNew = -0.54 + 1.1208RnOld (R2 = 0.9751, RMSE= 37.3 Wm-2, accounts for 3.22% of the data) 2. RnNew = -0.06 + 0.7153RnNew,4-way where SWD,New < 5 Wm-2 RnNew = 19.74 + 0.9162RnNew,4-way where SWD,New e" 5 Wm-2 (where RnNew,4-way was measured: R2 = 0.9591, RMSE=6.6 Wm-2 where SWD,New < 5 Wm-2 and R2 = 0.9772, RMSE=36.4 Wm-2 where SWD,New e" 5 Wm-2; where RnNew,4-way was modeled: R2 = 0.1041, RMSE=31.1 Wm-2 where SWD,New < 5 Wm-2 and R2 = 0.9709, RMSE=40.8 Wm-2 where SWD,New e" 5 Wm-2; accounts for 0.02% of the data) RnNew,4-way was considered modeled when any of SWU, LWD or LWU were modeled (SWD was never modeled). This test was conducted by replacing all three with their respective models. Net Radiation-Composite, Rn4-way (Wm-2) Rn4-way was gap filled using surrogate and modeled data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. RnNew,4-way = 0.08 + 1.3980RnNew where SWD,New < 5 Wm-2 RnNew,4-way = -21.55 + 1.0915RnNew where SWD,New e" 5 Wm-2 (R2 = 0.6164, RMSE=35.9 Wm-2 where SWD,New < 5 Wm-2 and R2 = 0.9914, RMSE=24.1 Wm-2 where SWD,New e" 5 Wm-2, accounts for 23.68% of the data) 2. 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RnNew,4-way was considered modeled when any of SWU, LWD or LWU were modeled (SWD was never modeled). This test was conducted by replacing all three with their respective models. PAR Downwelling, PARD (mmols-1m-2) PARD was gap filled using only surrogate data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. PARD = 1.9890SWD,CASTNET (R2 = 0.9803, RMSE= 97.4 mmols-1m-2, accounts for 23.67% of the data) 2. PARD = 1.9793SWD,GLEES Met Tower (R2 = 0.9681, RMSE= 125.1 mmols-1m-2, accounts for 0.03% of the data) Note, the old tower and new scaffold were pooled to create the models. PAR Upwelling, PARU (mmols-1m-2) PARU was gap filled using modeled data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. PARU,New = PARU/D,New.ModelSWD,New (R2 = 0.6059, RMSE=25.0 mmols-1m-2, accounts for 23.70% of the data) The PARU/D,New.Model was created by 1.) splitting the data by month, 2.) using autoregression (no intercept, nlag = 2, method = ml) to predict SWD,New from PARU,New, 3.) inverting the calibration, 4.) and cubically interpolating the 12 monthly coefficients to 30-minute samples. Short-Wave Downwelling, SWD (Wm-2) SWD was gap filled using only surrogate data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux tower and scaffold record were filled with: 2. SWD = 0.9780SWD,CASTNET (R2 = 0.9795, RMSE= 49.0 Wm-2, accounts for 23.67% of the data) 3. SWD = 0.9733SWD,GLEES Met Tower (R2 = 0.9660, RMSE= 63.6 Wm-2, accounts and 0.03% of the data) Note, the old tower and new scaffold were pooled to create the models. Short-Wave Upwelling, SWU (Wm-2) SWU was gap filled using modeled data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. SWU,New = SWU/D,New,ModelSWD,New (R2 = 0.8979, RMSE=8.8 Wm-2, accounts for and 23.70% of the data) The SWU/D,New.Model was created by 1.) splitting the data by month, 2.) using autoregression (no intercept, nlag = 2, method = ml) to predict SWD,New from SWU,New, 3.) inverting the calibration, 4.) and cubically interpolating the 12 monthly coefficients to 30-minute samples. Long-Wave Downwelling, LWD (Wm-2) LWD was gap filled using modeled data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. LWD = LWD,Model (R2 = 0.3593, RMSE=39.2 Wm-2, accounts for 23.70% of the data) The LWD model was equal to the yearly-weekly-average of LWD (see the cc model description for yearly-weekly-averaging). The pooled LWD data from both the tower and scaffold were used to create the model. 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Long-Wave Upwelling, LWU (Wm-2) LWU was gap filled using modeled data. Gaps in the AmeriFlux scaffold record were filled with: 1. LWU = LWU,Model (R2 = 0.7660, RMSE=21.0 Wm-2, accounts for 23.70% of the data) The LWU model was equal to the yearly-weekly-average of LWU (see the cc model description for yearly-weekly-averaging). The pooled LWU data from both the tower and scaffold were used to create the model. The model was the same for both the old tower and new scaffold, but the statistics are reported for only the new scaffold. Non-Gap-Filled Data Set: Finally, a non-gap-filled data set was created from the gap filled data. The only gap filling allowed was between AmeriFlux tower/scaffold met data from and for those measurements where the other tower/scaffold supplied the lowest RMSE surrogate measurement. This excluded both Ua and dfh~:Cj9:Ƿǫ~zumiieieiei]h"h"H*hPRh"hh6 h6h0Yhw#h{ H*^JfHq !h6Oh{ ^JfHq h{ hhh6OhH*h6OhOJQJ hH* h6Oh h6Ohim!h6Oh6O^JfHq !h6Ohim^JfHq h6OhimH*$ gdqa from any gap filling because the sonic met data had the lowest RMSE surrogate measurement. Also, derived measurements were considered missing only when their primary measurement was missing. 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